594 lines
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594 lines
54 KiB
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<td valign="top" ><p>"But if we must focus on Paul's letters to establish the Christian faith, then truly the servant has become greater than his Master." (Bercot<em>Theologians </em>(2010) at 40.)</p></td>
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<h3>Recommendations</h3>
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<p><a href="/books/401-music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
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<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jwoogm-20?node=1&page=2">What Did Jesus Say?</a> (2012) - 7 topics </p>
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<p>None above affiliated with me</p> </div>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 22pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong><br />The Origin of the Usage of Father in Christianity</strong></span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Catholics call their priests Father. For example, Father John. This is routine:</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 60px;">"A priest of the regular clergy is commonly addressed with the title 'Father' (contracted to Fr, in the Catholic and some other Christian churches)." ("<a href="orghttps://en.wikipedia./wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church">Priesthood in the Catholic Church</a>," Wikipedia.)</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Where does this come from? </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">The answer comes from knowing first that Jesus said the term Father -- Pater, Pateras -- a form of respectful address -- only belongs to God. It belongs to no one else. </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Here is the passage from Jesus: </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; padding: 0px 0px 10px 30px; color: #494a44; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">And do not call anyone on earth 'father,' for you have one Father, and he is in heaven. (<a href="https://biblehub.com/text/matthew/23-9.htm" style="color: #517291;">Matt 23:9 NIV.</a>)</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"></span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">In Greek, you had other informal means to address your father. These informal terms are similar to how we use <strong>papa</strong> or <strong>dad</strong> in English. Thus, in Greek, your male parent is informally addressed as <strong>pappa</strong> and <strong>tatta</strong>. See <a href="https://www.quora.com/Ancient-Greeks-had-three-words-for-father-pat%C3%A9r-father-t%C3%A1ta-daddy-and-p%C3%A1ppa-daddy-Why-do-modern-Greeks-use-the-Turkish-word-Baba-for-father-instead-of-the-aforementioned-Greek-words">link</a>. Thus, it is a violation of Jesus' principle to call priests "father" -- a respectful form of address.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Why would the Catholics do such a thing so flagrantly in violation of Jesus' words?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Was there some state compulsion involved?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">We shall see.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Whatever it was, it must have been something <strong>absolutely</strong> <strong>so</strong> <strong>forceful</strong> that beginning with the Western church, from top to bottom, it strayed so <strong>brazenly</strong> from the commands of Jesus.</p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">What was Jesus' point?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">The Greek word for <strong>father</strong> in Jesus' command is <strong>patera</strong>. What could Jesus mean by this?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">Well, the Jews of that era typically referred to Abraham as <strong>Father</strong> Abraham -- again <strong>patera</strong> in Greek. The man in hell in one of Jesus' parables is calling for "mercy" to "<strong>Father</strong> Abraham" -- not to "Father God." See <a href="https://biblehub.com/luke/16-24.htm">Luke 16:24.</a> </span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">What do you think Father God thinks about asking Abraham for Mercy as your Father?</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">Jesus knows the answer. Jesus is obviously telling Jews and his followers that implicitly this is offensive to the Father. Stop calling Abraham or anyone else Father -- the respectful form of address.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">Likewise, John the Baptist said to his Jewish audience not to say "We have <strong>Abraham as our Father</strong>" in requests for mercy. He explains that by that measure which rejects God Himself as exclusively their <strong>father</strong>, God can just as easily make stones into his children. That is, he could make a new race which would honor him as exclusively their father. His connection is thus not to Abraham's seed per se but instead to a race who acknowledges Him -- God -- as father. (</span><a href="https://biblehub.com/matthew/3-9.htm" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">Matt 3:9</a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">.) Umm. Do you see a pattern?</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">It appears clear that people were venerating Abraham as their Father which <strong>veneration in that sense</strong> only belongs to the Father in heaven. Jesus said to stop doing this. </span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">So why would Catholics choose to name leaders Fathers? Before telling you the true origin, let's hear this modern Catholic explanation. <br /><br /><strong>Catholic Explanation Today</strong></span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;"><br />The US Catholic.org website relies upon Paul as allegedly saying he became "a father" of his disciples. (1 Cor. 4:15.) This supposedly justifies the Catholic practice to call leaders <strong>father</strong>.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">Thus, Paul contradicting Jesus is apparently no big deal to Catholics. If you can cite Paul violating Jesus' words, this makes what Jesus prohibits supposedly perfectly ok. <br /></span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">However, this shameful explanation - quoted below - is an obvious apostasy against Jesus. Yet, no one calls the Catholics out on this, as many Protestants are as equally guilty of preferring Paul over Jesus as the Catholics. But we shall see next that <strong>Paul does not say this</strong>.</span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">FOOTNOTE: Roman Catholicism was born in 325 AD, and departed from Jesus on numerous points to follow Paul. This was especially the case on the issue of the abolition of Sabbath in favor of worshipping on the Day of the Sun -- Emperor Constantine's true god (Sun-day), decreed in 321 by Constantine for the empire. Paul alone was later cited allowing this step. Second, in 325, Constantine insisted successfully at Nicea that observing Jesus' resurrection no longer would take place upon Passover but only on one of the days which just so happened to honor the mother of the god of the Sun known as Easter (Saxon form) aka Osiris (Latin form). Paul in Galatians took away observing any further the Jewish holidays and Sabbath, and thus Paul began to rise in authority under Constantine to where Paul is today. So this departure from Christ to favor Paul by Catholicism today is part of an earlier pattern of its leaders -- at first to uphold a pagan law of Constantine. The purpose was to exploit Paul's words to inject paganism into Christianity. See <a href="/books/75-easter-error.html">The Easter Error.</a> </span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;"><br />END FOOTNOTE.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;"> </span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 24px;">However, this modern explanation of 1 Cor. 4:15 -- Paul supposedly said he became "father" to the Corinthians -- has a false premise. The verse does not say Paul became a "father" to them in the Greek. Yet, let's see how Catholics rely upon not only an obvious deliberate mistranslation but also here a false insert of a word not even used. We read in <a href="https://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201510/why-do-we-call-priests-%E2%80%98father%E2%80%99-30408">Why Do We Call Priests Father</a> from U.S.Catholics.org:<br /></span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 30px;">This symbolic understanding of parenthood goes back to biblical times. In 1 Cor. 4:15, St. Paul uses his own life as a model for Christian living. Paul reminds the Christians of Corinth that it was he who brought the faith to them. “I became <strong>your father in Christ Jesus</strong> through the gospel,” he writes. Though he sometimes has to engage strong emotions in his letters, Paul seems to prefer a tone of gentle reproof: “I am writing you this not to shame you but to admonish you as my beloved children” (1 Cor. 4:14). It is easy to see why he presents himself as a <strong>spiritual father. </strong></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Now this modern writer is not necessarily aware that a material mistranslation from the Greek is erroneously being relied upon. However, the KJV has this correct. And all Greek manuscripts quoted at <a href="https://biblehub.com/text/1_corinthians/4-15.htm">Biblehub</a> each agree on the Greek word at issue -- egenessa (beget) -- which is correctly translated in the KJV for 1 Cor. 4:15: </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 18pt; color: #001320; background: #fdfeff;">For though ye have ten thousand instructors in Christ, yet have you </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 18pt; color: #001320; background: #fdfeff;">not many fathers: for in Christ Jesus </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 18pt; color: #001320; background: #fdfeff;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 18pt; color: #001320; background: #fdfeff;">I have begotten you</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 18pt; color: #001320; background: #fdfeff;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 18pt; color: #001320; background: #fdfeff;">through the gospel. </span><a href="http://biblehub.com/1_corinthians/4-15.htm"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 18pt; background: #fdfeff;">KJV</span></a></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Thus, Paul does not contradict Christ here as the Catholics wish, supposedly claiming the title of "father" belongs to Paul himself. However, Paul does contradict Christ on this issue elsewhere (see <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%204:16&version=ASV">Romans 4:16 </a>"Abraham is the <strong>father</strong> of us all"), but not here. Thus, 1 Cor. 4:15 in Greek merely says that Paul has "begotten" them through "the gospel." He never calls himself <strong>father</strong> here. Paul never even says "I became a father to you." Paul thus did not ascribe to himself a respectful title Jesus prohibited to be used for anyone except God. The Catholics are completely wrong in the modern era to rely upon this verse. </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Is this a belated and modern argument? Or did a mistranslated earlier text explain why the Catholics were doing this when they first did it?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">To answer that, we need to know when did any translation the Catholics use agree with this. It did not exist in 1611 with the King James, a Protestant text. Then what about the Roman Catholic Latin Vulgate -- prepared in the late 300s and widely published in the early 400s? It was the official Catholic Bible since then to the mid-1900s when the Jerusalem Bible took that position effectively away in English. However, the Vulgate does not justify this priest-father practice of Catholicism. For the Latin Vulgate for over 1500 years has had it correctly as "begotten" -- <strong>generated</strong>. Here it is: </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 30px;">15 Nam si decem millia pædagogorum habeatis in Christo, sed non multos patres. Nam in Christo Jesu per Evangelium <strong>ego vos genui. </strong>(<a href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/co1004.htm#015">Vulgate 1 Cor. 4:1</a>5.)</p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">So the Catholic present-day explanation is not the true explanation of how this practice originated. It could not be the explanation at any point in Catholicism's existence because Catholicism's only Bible since Catholicism arose in 325 AD says nothing about Paul calling himself a "father" in 1 Cor. 4:15. </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Thus, absent some enormous pressure to accept a contradiction of Jesus, what would one ever think about this practice in good conscience when it was first proposed?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">To recreate what kind of event -- a tsunami of sorts -- necessary to impel Christians to call their leaders "Father," let's imagine a time when no shackles existed upon Christians at Rome. Would they ever think to name their leaders <strong>fathers</strong>? Of course not. It is readily obvious that it is morally violative of Jesus' words. It directly dishonors God.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">We have an example today what a free and voluntary approach would dictate. In our era when any such shackles have disappeared, a Catholic priest named Jean-Pierre Roche recently wrote <strong>Stop Calling Me Father.</strong> He insists that to accept the title "Father" for yourself as a priest "is to <strong>usurp the place of God</strong>," citing Jesus' words "call no man father." See<a href="https://international.la-croix.com/news/stop-calling-me-father/9779"> link</a>. This priest is only declaring the obvious.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">So what was the tsunami that overcame the Roman church and made it apostate against Jesus - violating and rejecting the words of Jesus on this issue?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Here are the preliminaries to provide the answer. These are facts which Catholic leadership does not want you to see. They want to point at Paul as giving them sanctuary. They want you to look away from the time it all began, and why.</p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><strong>Where 'Father' Title Came From</strong></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">First, as we establish elsewhere, Emperor Constantine made a pagan switch of Sabbath to Sun-Day. In 321 AD, he himself mandated worship of the "venerable" (worship-worthy) Sun -- even when he supposedly was a Christian as he first claimed in 324 AD to have been true since 315 AD. A patent fraudster. See <a href="/books/245-contantines-damage-to-christianity.html">Damage to Christianity by Constantine.</a></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Second, in 325 AD Constantine pressured the church by his legal powers as Pontifex Maximus over all religions at Rome to change Passover as the day to celebrate Jesus' resurrection to what happens to be the same time period to worship Osiris aka Easter. (Easter is her name in Saxon English.) Because she is the mother of the Sun in the Sol Invictus Cult to which Constantine had allegiance, this date was determined to be a date tied to the vernal equinox of the Sun. This date for celebrating Jesus' resurrection "just so happened" to be within the worship time period of Osiris -- which to repeat is known in Saxon English as Easter (Eostre in old English.) See <a href="/books/245-contantines-damage-to-christianity.html">Constantine's Damage to Christianity.</a></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Third, Constantine revamped Christianity using images which depicted Jesus as Sol Invictus -- with the glowing rays of the sun as a halo around our Lord's head.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Finally, in place of "brother" and "sister" as the sole relationship to each other, the last step would be to adopt the name of <strong>sacerdote</strong> and <strong>patre</strong> from pagan Sol Invictus worship into Christianity, and create a hierarchy with such "brothers" on top. Was this true?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">The first hint of this latter conclusion I found in an article entitled <a href="http://www.eaec.org/cults/romancatholic.htm">Cult of Roman Catholicism</a> which correctly identifies Catholicism as we know it today was founded by Constantine. The article says: </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 60px;"> The <strong>priests of pagan Rome were called "fathers,"</strong> but Jesus said to call no man "father." (Matthew 23:9-12) From what <strong>source</strong> did the Roman Catholic custom of calling a priest by this title come from, Jesus or the <strong>pagans</strong>? Jesus spoke against flattering titles to his disciples, he wanted them to treat each other equally. Jesus meant for God the Father to receive all glory, not men. It is plain to see that the majority of the traditions of the Roman Catholic church are man-made and of pagan origins. An intellectually honest search will show the pagan roots of the Roman Catholic church.</p>
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<p style="padding-left: 90px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Well, can this possibly be the truth? Did the pagans call their religious leaders <strong>fathers</strong>? Alas, he cited no evidence to support this claim. Thus, it appeared a dead end. </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Because I could not quickly find any reliable proof of when this practice of calling Christian leaders <strong>father</strong> truly existed, or whether it could be linked to Constantine's pagan cult to which he adhered, these questions died there. So I thought.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">However, on October 27, 2019, I was sitting in the Library of the University of California at Irvine in its book-return section. This is where all the books left by patrons on reading tables are collected in shelves in the order of their index labels. There were about 60 books all around me. I was sitting reading a book about Marcion in this section. I got bored. So I got up and randomly picked up a couple of books from the shelves And then I picked up the most obscure journal you ever could imagine: <strong>Journal of Roman Archeology</strong> Vol. 32 (2019). It was stamped on its face page as received October 9, 2019 by the university staff. This was thus received about almost three weeks prior to my whimsical selection of this book from the shelves.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">First, I opened this journal directly to page 308. Surprisingly, it talked about the "Mithraic deities -- <strong>Sol Invictus</strong> Mithras, Cautopates, and Transitus Dei...." See visual of this page at this <a href="https://airtable.com/shrT3qKNyRvZED5KO">link</a>.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">This caught my eye because I had already known about Sol Invictus as Constantine's obvious personal cult. I long have had articles on this site about that. See <a href="/books/245-contantines-damage-to-christianity.html">link</a>.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Now this archaeology article immediately filled in important new information. Up to then, I had no idea that the Mithras cult included in its pantheon Sol Invictus. Thus, that alone was a very interesting fact taught by these specialist archaeology materials. </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">But it would get better.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Next, I started reading the same page, and then the page after and then the prior page. On the prior page - 307 - I astonishingly read the following about what the article describes as "mobile ritual experts" -- figures who would go from meeting-places of Mithras-adherents in one town to the next. Two members of a mithraeum -- a Mithras cult church -- at Virunum were "named as <strong>patres</strong>," and the inscription said they had just died. This is about between 183 and 201 AD. Then a new member joined named Trebius Alfius who was "labeled a <strong>pater</strong>." By careful analysis of the inscription, Piccottini concluded that Alfius "must have been a <strong>pater</strong> from elsewhere brought in by the Virunum community to fill their leadership lacuna." (Id., at 307.) Hence, the pater - father - was a figure who was a leader, and would be brought in from without if the only <strong>paters</strong> at a Mithraic assembly had died.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">But what about the term priest -- in Latin -- <strong>sacerdos </strong>or <strong>sacerdote</strong>?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">That is the last piece of the puzzle that is missing.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Then I turned to the prior page. It turns out that Mithraism used steps of initiation, and this explains the function of ritual experts such as a priest -- to teach and initiate others. The "priestly title <strong>sacerdos</strong> is distinguished from grades of initiation." (<em>Id., </em>at 369.)</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">So is a sacerdos (priest) distinct from pater? And if so, how so?</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">The article answers this way:</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 30px;">Occassional epigraphic pairings like <strong>pater</strong> and <strong>sacerdos</strong> presume that these positions could be separable; notably though no other grade besides <strong>pater</strong> is ever adjoined to <strong>sacerdos</strong> in a title, suggesting that the ritual expertise of a <strong>sacerdos</strong> was reserved for those at the highest levels of the cult.</p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Thus, the grade <strong>father</strong> evidently belonged to the one who completed the highest initiation, who then was called a <strong>priest</strong>. </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Constantine's legal pressure as Pontifex Maximus is what necessarily explains this smooth transition from Mithras-structure to Catholic-structure. Thus something like a <strong>compulsive</strong> corrupting force (e.g., infusion of a pagan Mithras clergy by means of open doors to conversion with tax exemption for making pagan priests which did take place) was used upon Christians to adopt pagan terms at <strong>odds</strong> with Christ's own words. This is the only explanation for such departure. It also supports the idea that Christians -- true Christians -- who refused were replaced by Mithras worshippers who were willing to use the nomenclature of "Jesus" for Sol Invictus as long as the worship day of Sun-Day stayed the same, and the time period to worship the Sun's mother Easter (Saxon term) / Osiris (Latin version) stayed the same, and the path of initiation to <strong>father</strong> and then <strong>priest</strong> stayed the same. Hence, taking over Christianity was easier than one might assume. Just replace the resisters, and continue on with a<strong> thin veneer</strong> of Christianity while at your core you are pagan. This was the Constantinian way. A way whose truth has been shrouded by centuries of censorship by Constantine and his lackeys after him.</p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><strong>These Facts Unlock Other Facts </strong></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Thus, from this fortuitous find of an article on the Mithras religion, we will now study Mithraism in more depth. By doing so, we will see the link to Roman Catholic priest-father practices, and thus find their obvious and embarassing origin.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">In the article "Mithraism" in Wikipedia, we learn that Mithraism was centered in Rome. Its head god was Mithras who is typically portrayed as born from a rock and "sharing a banquet with the god <strong>Sol</strong>." (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraism">Link</a>.) This article affirms that in Mithraism, there was an initiate grade of <strong>priest</strong> -- <strong>sacerdotes</strong> -- and the highest grade was "<strong>pater</strong>." Within that group was a "pater patrum" - father of the fathers, which appears to indicate the highest pater among paters in a group. (<em>Id.</em>)</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">In an article on Mithraism at Tertullian.org, we learn that Mithraism arose in the 1st century and died out in the 4th century. This provides an adequate period to be the cause of Catholic adoption, and then assimilation of Mithras' pagan customs and structure. See <a href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/mithras/display.php?page=main">link</a>.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">This article also explains the link to Sol Invictus: "Mithras is <strong>always</strong> described as '<strong>sol invictus</strong>' -- the unconquered sun in inscriptions." For this, the article's proof is in footnote 60. In that note is a quote from Clauss' <strong>The Roman Cult of Mithras</strong> (Edinburgh University Press, 2000) at page 146: </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 60px;">Roman <strong>Mithras is the invincible sun-god, Sol Invictus</strong>. This is the burden, <strong>repeated a hundred times</strong> over, of the votive inscriptions from the second to the fourth centuries AD, whether in the form Sol Invictus Mithras, or Deus Sol Invictus Mithras, or Deus Sol Mithras, or Sol Mithras. There do not seem to be any significant regional or temporal variations among such formulae. In the very earliest epigraphic evidence for the Roman cult of Mithras, <strong>the god is already invoked as Sol Invictus Mithras.</strong> These facts are confirmed by the numerous votive offerings to Sol, Deus Sol, Sol Invictus, and Deus Invictus Sol which were put up in mithraea.</p>
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<p style="padding-left: 90px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">A search on Mithraism then turned up a recent article on a new Mithras Temple discovery. This was an occasion to interview the academic in charge of the excavation: Professor Aytaç Coskun of the Department of Archaeology at Dicle University.</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">In an interview with the Daily Sabah, the Professor explained: "<strong>Mithras represents the Sun God</strong> and also consensus." (See "Mithraism May Become a Bit Less Mysterious with Latest Discovery in Turkey," <strong>Ancient</strong> <strong>Origins</strong> online (May 2017) at this <a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/mithraism-may-become-bit-less-mysterious-new-temple-discovery-turkey-008020">link</a>.)</p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Thus, again, we can see how Constantine would impose Mithraism's structure on Christianity of priests-fathers, for Mithraism at its core was a worship of Sol Invictus, just as was Constantine's obvious primary personal religious adherence. Only a forceful imposition as Constantine alone could provide, to repeat, can explain why Roman Catholicism embraced such an obviously wrong apostate practice of having priests (instead of only brothers / sisters) who were also addressed as Father.</p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><strong>How Constantine Recruited Pagans As Priests & Fathers.</strong></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">The website Ancient Origins reviews Constantine's paganizing influence. When a priesthood was created in Christianty, Constantine made it extremely popular by attaching state financial support and a full exemption from taxes if one signed up to be a "priest" in the Christian religion. The problem is Constantine invited pagan priests to claim such positions, thus subverting the true church in an open and hardly surreptitious manner: </p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 30px;">The Christian ministers had special privileges. He also <strong>extended many benefits to pagan priests who became Christian ministers</strong>. For example, they received monetary support from the Empire and didn't pay taxes. (<a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/was-emperor-constantine-true-christian-or-was-he-secret-pagan-005603">link</a>.)</p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;">Thus, Constantine subverted Jesus' principle to keep money out as an incentive to preach or teach. "Freely you received, freely you shall give." (Matt 10:7-8.) This is what gave birth to a paid and subsidized priesthood. With the entry of pagan priests also came the pagan concept that a priest could be called a "father" as they were prior to transfer over to the previously authentic Christian churches.</p>
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<p><span style="background-color: transparent;"></span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><strong>END </strong></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 60px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><strong>HISTORICAL NOTE</strong>. In 376 AD, the Catholic church -- virtually paganized at that point anyway -- was handed control of all pagan assemblies. This is how the pope first became known as Pontif -- receiving the title of Pontifex Maximus from Caesar for the first time. In the <a href="http://www.eaec.org/cults/romancatholic.htm">Cult of Roman Catholicism</a> we read: </p>
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<p> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; padding-left: 30px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 18pt;">Since the formation of the Roman Empire, the Roman emperors (including Constantine) held the office of Pontifex Maximus (Supreme Priest) and were worshipped by the pagans as gods. <strong>Emperor Gratian in 376 A.D. refused the title of Pontifex Maximus</strong>, and from then on it was bestowed upon<strong> the bishop of Rome.</strong> From hereon, the bishop of Rome was to be the <strong>Supreme Priest to the pagans</strong> and the head of the Christian church; the streams of paganism and Christianity <strong>flowed together</strong> under the leadership of Pontifex Maximus, ultimately to be called the Pope. The question remains, how can a man at the same time be the Pontifex Maximus which was the head of the pagan mysteries and the head of the church? </span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 60px;"> </p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 18pt;"></span></p>
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