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<h1><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Is James' Name Truly Jacob? And If So, Why Is Wrong Translation Employed?</span></strong></span></h1>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The brother of Jesus is identified in the New Testament as "James." His Epistle is famous among English speakers as "the Epistle of James."</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But is that truly His name? And if not, why is it rendered James?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">There is no question that James is incorrect. It is Jacob. Anyone reading the Greek title to the Epistle of James itself can see that it is JAKOB even in Greek...where the letter I in Greek is rendered as J in English.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">However, Jacob -- a figure in the Original Hebrew Testament -- is rendered into English as Jacob in the King James. I wonder why the difference?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">There is no way that one could accidentally mistake Jacob in Greek for James in English. As Wikipedia explains regarding the name Jacob:</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Jacob is derived from Late Latin Iacobus</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;from Greek Iakobos</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">, from&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">(</span><em style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Yaqob</em><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">,</span><em style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Yaaqov</em><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">,&nbsp;</span><em style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Yaq</em><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">)... ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_%28name%29">Jacob</a>,"&nbsp;<em>Wikipedia</em>.)</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">So what explains this incongruous difference in the KJV?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Wikipedia observes without explaining why that a "reduced" form of Jacob became in the English Bible "James." It notes:</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">In a Christian context, Jacob &ndash;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">James as reduced English form &ndash; is the name for several people in the New Testament: (1) apostle James, son of Zebedee,</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">&nbsp;(2) another apostle James, son of Alphaeus, &nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" title="James, son of Alphaeus"></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">and (3) James the Just</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, who led the original Messianic Community in Jerusalem. Id.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The word "reduced" is a kindly term for "changed." Jacob for New Testament figures was renamed James, yet Original Testament "Jacob" figures were left alone, and rendered as Jacob. (Exod. 6:3, KJV.) For example, the</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">&nbsp;identical word "Jacob" in the Greek NT when referring to the Patriarch of the Original Testament is rendered into English as Jacob (Romans 11:26 KJV), and to Jesus' paternal grandfather in Matt 1:15, but otherwise in the NT it is rendered as "James." See </span><a href="https://www.teknia.com/blog/why-%E1%BC%B0%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82-james-and-not-jacob" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;">link</a><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">. Hence, this is deliberate, and no accident.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">So why was James, the brother of Jesus rendered this way -- as James not Jacob? Why were all other Jacobs in the NT other than the Patriarch Jacob and Jesus' paternal grandfather rendered as James?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Some claim that Jacob in Latin was transformed over time into Jacomus, and then to James. However, even if true, this does not explain why Jacob in Greek is rendered a few times in the NT as "Jacob" and other times as "James," and always as "Jacob" in the OT. See <a href="https://www.teknia.com/blog/why-%E1%BC%B0%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82-james-and-not-jacob">link</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">One theory is that the actual King James wanted his name in the NT, and required the English NT to render "Jacob" as his personal name of "James" in the places we see it. However, this is not true at the beginning of using James which began at least by the 1300s in Wycliffe's translation, but is arguably true for why the 1611 KJV did not fix Wycliffe's change. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Alternatively, Paul Sumner claims James is used in honor of several English kings whom preceded King James, and this is more defensible. See <a href="http://www.hebrew-streams.org/works/misconceptions/havharah-yakobos.html">link</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Sumner supports that the aim was to flatter British royalty by mentioning the pattern started with Wycliffe, an English translator in 1380, who first used this two-name bias:</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The name "James" dates back at least to&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: #3e3f40; font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">John Wycliffe</strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;(Wiclif) who translated his NT in 1380. His spelling of the name James </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">is repeated in later English translations: Tyndale (1534), Cranmer (1539), the Geneva Bible (1557), the Catholic Rheims (1582), then the King James (Authorized) Version (1611). For the patriarch Jacob, these versions have Iacob</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;(the diphthong "Ia" was pronounced "Ya"). (Paul Sumner, "<a href="http://www.hebrew-streams.org/works/misconceptions/havharah-yakobos.html">James was not a disciple of Yashua, but Jacob was</a>.")</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This two-name so-called "bias" (truly it is a false fabrication) was then followed in later translations.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This two-name OT/NT bias also occurs in major non-English Bibles:&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: #3e3f40; font-family: verdana; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">German</strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;(OT: Jakob, NT: Jakobus),&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: #3e3f40; font-family: verdana; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">French</strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;(Jacob, Jacques),&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: #3e3f40; font-family: verdana; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Spanish</strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;(Jacob, Santiago),&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: #3e3f40; font-family: verdana; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Italian</strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;(Giacobbe or Giudei, Giacomo),&nbsp;</span><strong style="color: #3e3f40; font-family: verdana; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Portugese</strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">&nbsp;(Jac&oacute;, Tiago), etc.&nbsp;<em>Id.</em></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Only the New American Standard Bible tries to alert us through margin notes that the true name of James is Jacob.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Why Did Wycliffe Make This Change? Why Did The Later Greek-Based Editions Not Fix This?</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">It is clear that Wycliffe has some excuse for the inconsistency because he translated from the Latin Bible. Jacob was rendered in Latin in a way that you could modify it to James. It still does not explain the two-name "bias" where sometimes Wycliffe rendered it as Jacob and other times as James, depending upon whether the patriarch Jacob appeared or it was a NT figure, whether Jacob / James, the brother of Jesus, or the Apostle, Jacob / James.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">However, when the Greek texts were used to translate -- such as the Geneva Study Bible of 1599 and then the King James of 1611 - why did they not fix this? For in Greek, it transliterates perfectly as "Jakob." There is no excuse to believe in any proximity at all of Jacob to the name James in Greek as Wycliffe had in 1380 as his excuse when translating from the Latin Vulgate of the 400s into English.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Geneva was outside England, so its continuance of this two-name "bias" is hard to explain. But the King James of 1611, commissioned by King James himself, would have an obvious reason to leave it alone. Hence, the conjecture that this was not repaired in the King James Bible due to an intent to not upset the king that his name was removed from the Bible is not an unreasonable one.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><em><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Conclusion</span></span></strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Regardless of what speculation that can conjure up an explanation, we truly must restore "Jacob" as James' true name to preserve consistency between New and Original Covenant writings. Whatever the motives of the translators who added this two-name "bias," its rationale has nothing to do with a valid translation of the Greek text. The correct translation may convey an important truth that we otherwise would miss if we do not use "Jacob" in place of "James." I suggest we continue to use James but in brackets to follow we write Jacob, e.g., "James [i.e., Jacob]."</span></p>
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