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<td valign="top" ><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"The Spirit of the Apostles is</span></span></span></span><strong><em><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> not a guide equal or greater than the Lord</span></span></span></span></em></strong><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, thus </span></span></span></span><em><strong><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Paul within his letters</span></span></span></span></strong></em><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> does</span></span></span></span><strong><em><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> not have as much authority as has Christ</span></span></span></span></em></strong><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">." (Carlstadt, </span></span></span></span><em><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Canonicis Scripturis</span></span></span></span></em><span><span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (1520))</span></span></span></span></td>
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<p><a href="/Audio/music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/justjesus0ece-20">Just Jesus: His Living Words (2011)</a></p>
<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jesusonchurchstructure-20">Jesus' Words on Church Structure</a> by S. Rives</p>
<p><a href="http://www.jesusfocusedpublishers.com/"></a></p>
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<h2>Famous Quotes On Paul</h2>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">FESTUS</span>, 59 A.D.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul, thou art beside thyself, much learning doth make thee mad." (<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+26:24-28&amp;version=NIV">Acts 26:24</a>, Festus.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">CARLSTADT</span>, co-founder in 1517 of Reformation with Luther (who later pushed him out)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"It is necessary in fact to preserve compliance to the Lord, and as the <strong><em>Spirit of the Apostles is not a guide equal or greater than the Lord</em></strong>, thus also the<strong><em> heart of Paul within his letters does not have as much authority as has Christ</em></strong>." (Carlstadt, <em>Canonicis Scripturis</em> (1520), quoted in Charles Beard's <em>Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany</em> (1899) at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=emIdSf6gTR0C&amp;lpg=PA278&amp;ots=k26bn6FeJ5&amp;dq=carlstadt%20canon%20paul&amp;pg=PA278#v=onepage&amp;q=carlstadt%20canon%20paul&amp;f=false"> 278</a>, discussed in our page <a href="/JWO/carlstadt-research.html">Carlstadt Research</a>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">JOHN LOCKE, 1696</span>, physician, wrote close commentaries on Scripture, evangelist in <em>Reasonableness of Christianity </em>and famous political theorist who influenced US Constitution.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">"It is </span><strong><em>not in the epistles</em></strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> we are to learn what are the</span><em><strong> fundamental articles of faith</strong></em><span style="font-weight: normal;">, where they are </span>promiscuously<span style="font-weight: normal;"> and without distinction </span>mixed with<strong><em> other truths</em></strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">.... We shall find and discern those </span>great and necessary points<strong><em> best in the preaching of our Savior </em></strong><span><strong><em>and the apostles</em></strong></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ... </span><span><strong><em>out of the history of the evangelists [i.e., the four gospels]</em></strong></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">....</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">If all, or most of the truths </span><span><strong>declared in the </strong></span><strong>epistles</strong>, were to be received and <strong><em>believed as fundamental articles</em></strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">, what then became of those Christians who were fallen asleep (as St. Paul witnesses in his first to the Corinthians, many were) </span><strong><em>before these things in the epistles were revealed </em></strong>to them<span style="font-weight: normal;">? Most of the epistles not being </span><span><strong><em>written till above twenty years after our Saviour’s ascension</em></strong></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, and some after thirty.... </span><span><strong><em>Nobody can add</em></strong></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> to these fundamental articles of faith." (</span>John Locke, <em>The Reasonableness of Christianity</em><em> </em>(1696) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZsQYAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=The%20Reasonableness%20of%20Christianity&amp;pg=PA154">154 </a> (emphasizing Jesus in the Gospels, and not the epistles of Paul, etc.) For more, see our "<a href="/Recommended-Reading/locke-jesus-over-epistles.html">Locke -Jesus Over Epistles</a>."</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">MATTHEW HENRY, 1721</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul took [Timothy] and circumcised him, or ordered it to be done (Acts 16:1-3). <strong><em>This was strange</em></strong>. Had not Paul opposed those with all his might that were for imposing circumcision upon the Gentile converts? Had he not at this time the decrees of the council at Jerusalem with him, which witnessed against it? He had, and yet circumcised Timothy." (Matthew Henry,<em> Exposition of the New Testament</em> (1721) Vol. 3 at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yE8_AAAAcAAJ&amp;lpg=PA833&amp;ots=BRyFeIJPEQ&amp;dq=This%20was%20strange.%20Had%20not%20Paul%20opposed%20those%20with%20all%20his%20might&amp;pg=PA833#v=onepage&amp;q=This%20was%20strange.%20Had%20not%20Paul%20opposed%20those%20with%20all%20his%20might&amp;f=false">833</a> - Ch. 16 #6.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">THOMAS MORGAN, 1740</span>, used Paul to destroy both Original and New Testament</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"I have proved that if the Apostles made any such claim [to infallibility], their differences and divisions among themselves, both in doctrine and practice, must have confuted and convicted them. <em><strong>Peter and Paul with respect to Jews and Gentiles preached two different Gospels</strong></em>...." (Thomas Morgan, <em>Moral Philosopher</em> (1740) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nBktAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=thomas%20morgan%20moral%20philosopher&amp;pg=PT319#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">325</a>.) [Morgan used Paul's self-serving claim to being an apostle to undermine all of the OT and NT as fallible because Paul denigrated the Law and conflicted with Peter. For full discussion, see our <a href="/JWO/thomas-morgan-moral-philosoph.html">webpage</a> on Morgan.]</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">BOULANGER, 1746</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"We should never finish, were we to relate <strong><em>all the contradictions</em></strong> which are to be found<strong><em> in the writings attributed to St. Paul</em></strong>.... Generally speaking it is St. Paul ... that ought to be regarded as the<em><strong> true founder of Christian theology</strong></em>,... which from its foundation has been <em><strong>incessantly agitated by quarrels [and] divisions</strong></em>." (Boulanger and Peter Annet, <em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4BA_AAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=critical%20examination%20of%20st.%20paul&amp;pg=PP5#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Critical Examination of the Life of St. Paul</a></em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4BA_AAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=critical%20examination%20of%20st.%20paul&amp;pg=PP5#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"> </a>(letter to <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=atUMAAAAIAAJ&amp;ots=uH1gOO7wfQ&amp;dq=%22Peter%20Annet%22&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Gilbert West</a>, 1746).) For discussion of this book, see our discussion at this <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=AmAhfE57vBkC&amp;lpg=PA63&amp;ots=ivtu0I1LZj&amp;dq=%22Peter%20Annet%22%20%22Critical%20Examination%20of%20the%20Life%20of%20St.%20Paul%22&amp;pg=PA63#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Peter%20Annet%22%20%22Critical%20Examination%20of%20the%20Life%20of%20St.%20Paul%22&amp;f=false">link</a>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The Encratites and the Sevenians<em><strong> adopted neither</strong></em> the Acts nor the<em><strong> Epistles of Paul</strong></em>." (Boulanger and Peter Annet, <em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4BA_AAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=critical%20examination%20of%20st.%20paul&amp;pg=PP5#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Critical Examination of the Life of St. Paul</a></em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4BA_AAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=critical%20examination%20of%20st.%20paul&amp;pg=PP5#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"> </a> (reprint 1823) quoted in Paine, <em>Age of Reason </em>(1794) at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=he0RAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=paine%20age%20of%20reason&amp;pg=PA159#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"> 159</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">THOMAS PAINE, 1794</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"That manufacturer of quibbles, St. Paul,... [wrote] a collection of letters under the name of epistles.... Out of the matters contained in those books,... the church has set up a system of religion <strong><em>very contradictory to the character of the person whose name it bears</em></strong>. It has set up a religion of pomp and of revenue, in pretended imitation of a person whose life was humility and poverty." (Thomas Paine, <em>The Age of Reason</em> (1794) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=he0RAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=paine%20age%20of%20reason&amp;pg=PA24#v=onepage&amp;q=paul&amp;f=false">24</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">THOMAS JEFFERSON, 1820</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Of this band of dupes and imposters,<strong><em> Paul</em></strong> was the great Coryphaeus, and the <strong><em>first corrupter of the doctrines of Jesus</em></strong>." (Thomas Jefferson Letter of April 13, 1820 in <em>Writings of Thomas Jefferson</em> Vol. XV (1904) at 245, available at this <a href="/images/stories/Books/Extract%20from%20The_Writings_of_Thomas_Jefferson%20p%20243%20letter%20on%20Paul.pdf">link</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">WILLIAM PALEY, d. 1805</span>, famous Christian preacher</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"He, the Apostle, could not mean to say this [<em>i.e.</em>, salvation is by faith alone]; because if he did, he would say what is <strong><strong><em>expressly and positively contradicted by other texts</em></strong> of at least equal authority with his own</strong>; he would say what is<strong><em> contradicted by the very drift and design of the Christian constitution</em></strong>; and would say, lastly, what is expressly denied and contradicted by himself. ...[He also] would say <em><strong>what is contradicted by the very highest authority</strong></em>...Our Savior's own [words]." (William Paley, Sermon 209, <em>The Works of William Paley</em> (1825) Vol. 6 at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2YAAAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=paley%20%20expressly%20and%20positively%20contradicted%20by%20other%20texts%20of%20at%20least%20equal%20authority&amp;pg=PA214#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">214</a> or <em>Sermons</em> (1830) at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Olg_AAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=paley%20%20expressly%20and%20positively%20contradicted%20by%20other%20texts%20of%20at%20least%20equal%20authority&amp;pg=PA43#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"> 44</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">JEREMY BENTHAM, 1826</span>, philosopher and attorney</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"One <em><strong>thorn still remain[s] to be plucked out of the side of this so much injured religion</strong></em>,—and that [is], the addition made to it by Saul of Tarsus: by that Saul, who, under the name of Paul, has—(as will be seen) without warrant from, and even in the teeth of, the history of Jesus, as delivered by his companions and biographers the four evangelists,—been dignified with the title of his apostle...." (Jeremy Bentham, <em>Not Paul But Jesus</em> (1826) at <a href="/images/stories/Lessons/Bentham%20Not%20Paul%20But%20Jesus_Draft.pdf">iv</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"If, by the <strong><em>removal of an incongruous appendage</em></strong> [i.e., Paul], acceptance should be obtained for what is good in the religion commonly ascribed to Jesus;— obtained at the hands of any man, much more of many, to whom at present it is an object of aversion;—if, in any one of these several ways, much more if in all of them, the labours of the author should be crowned with success,—good service will, so far, and on all hands, be allowed to have been rendered to mankind." (Jeremy Bentham, <em>Not Paul But Jesus</em> (1826) at <a href="/images/stories/Lessons/Bentham%20Not%20Paul%20But%20Jesus_Draft.pdf">v</a>ii.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Whosoever, putting aside all prepossessions, feels strong enough in mind, to look steadily at the originals, and from them to take his conceptions of the matter, not from the discourses of others,—whosoever has this command over himself, will recognise, if the author does not much deceive himself, that by the two persons in question, as represented in the two sources of information—<strong><em>the Gospels and Paul’s Epistles,— two quite different, if not opposite, religions are inculcated</em></strong>: and that, in the <em><strong>religion of Jesus</strong></em> may be found<em><strong> all the good</strong></em> that has ever been the result of the compound so incongruously and unhappily made,—in<strong><em> the religion of Paul, all the mischief</em></strong>, which, in such <em><strong>disastrous abundance</strong></em>, has so indisputably flowed from it." (Jeremy Bentham, <em>Not Paul But Jesus</em> (1826) at <a href="/images/stories/Lessons/Bentham%20Not%20Paul%20But%20Jesus_Draft.pdf">v</a>ii.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">RALPH WALDO EMERSON</span>, 1832, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9qGYliP6kKkC&amp;lpg=PA193&amp;dq=emerson%2C%20lord's%20supper&amp;pg=PA193#v=onepage&amp;q=emerson,%20lord's%20supper&amp;f=false">last sermon</a> as pastor at Second Church</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"It does <strong><em>not appea</em></strong>r that<strong><em> the opinion of St. Paul, all things considered, ought to alter our opinion derived from the evangelists</em></strong>." (Emerson, "Last Supper," <em>Works of Emerson</em> Vol. 11 at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=T5UNAQAAIAAJ&amp;dq=emerson%2C%20lord's%20supper&amp;pg=PA15#v=snippet&amp;q=alter&amp;f=false">15</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">DR. FERDINAND CHRISTIAN BAUR</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">1853</span>, theologian</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The only question comes to be how the Apostle Paul appears in his Epistles to be<em> so indifferent to the historical facts of the life of Jesus</em>.... He bears himself but<em><strong> little like a disciple who has received the doctrines and the principles which he preaches </strong></em>from the Master whose name he bears." (Baur, <em>The Church History of the First Three Centuries</em> (1853, reprint 1878) I at<a href="/The Church History of the First Three Centuries (1853)"> </a><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QIQAAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;pg=PA50#v=snippet&amp;q=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;f=false">50</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"What kind of authority can there be for an 'Apostle' who, unlike the other Apostles, had never been prepared for the Apostolic office in Jesus' own school but had only later dared to claim the Apostolic office <strong><em>on the basis of his own authority? </em></strong><span>The only question comes to be how the apostle Paul appears in his Epistles to be so indifferent to the historical facts of the life of Jesus....He bears himself but little like a disciple who has received the doctrines and the principles which he preaches from the Master whose name he bears.</span>"  (Baur, <em>The Church History of the First Three Centuries</em> (1853).)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"from <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>time of his conversion <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>apostle Paul went his own independent way, and <strong><em>avoided intentionally and on principle all contact with <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>older apostles</em></strong>. <em>Id.</em>, at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QIQAAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;pg=PA48#v=snippet&amp;q=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;f=false">48</a>. ...<span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>apostle takes up an attitude of so great freedom and <strong><em>independence not only towards </em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><em>the </em></span><em>older apostles</em></strong>, but <strong><em>towards <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>person of Jesus himself</em></strong>, that one might be inclined <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>ask whether a view of his relation <span class="gstxt_hlt">to the </span>person of Christ can be <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>right one which would make <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>apostle Paul <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>originator and first exponent of that which constitutes <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>essence of Christianity as distinguished from Judaism. Is there not<strong><em> too great a distance between <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>founder of Christianity</em></strong> and <strong><em>one who made his first appearance altogether outside <span class="gstxt_hlt">the</span>circle of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>first apostles</em></strong>? <em>Id.</em>, at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QIQAAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;pg=PA49#v=snippet&amp;q=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;f=false">49</a>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="gstxt_hlt">The </span>teaching of Jesus was <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>be found nearest its source with them [<em>i.e., </em>the older apostles], and if he wished <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>have <span class="gstxt_hlt">t<strong><em>he </em></strong></span><strong><em>best and most trustworthy information on <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>subject he should have frequented their company</em></strong>. Now Gal. i. 11, <em>sq., </em>shows us distinctly that <em><strong>he recognised no obligations <span class="gstxt_hlt">to the </span>older apostles </strong></em>with regard <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>his gospel. <em>Id.</em>, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QIQAAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;pg=PA51#v=snippet&amp;q=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;f=false">51</a> n.2.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">[In Galatians thus] <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>apostle has placed <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>law and <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>promise in such direct opposition <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>each other, that he is obliged <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>ask what <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>law is, what purpose it serves, when, owing <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>its want of power <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>give life, righteousness could not come by it. <span class="gstxt_hlt">The </span>answer which he gives <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>this question is that <strong><em><span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>law was interposed between <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>promise and <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>time when faith should come</em></strong>, because of transgressions, <em><strong>not <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>prevent them</strong></em>, but that in them <strong><em>sin might attain <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>its full manifestation and reality</em></strong>. [NOTE: a blasphemy of God!] This was <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>interval of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>schoolmastership of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>law, when mankind, being concluded under sin, was <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>be detained in ward till it had become of full age, being <strong><em>set free from <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>law <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>receive <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>sonship of God through faith in Christ</em></strong>. [NOTE: Apostasy from God as defined in Deut. 13:1-5!] Thus Judaism is nothing more than <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>religion of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>law in contradistinction <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>Christianity, which is <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>religion of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>spirit. Both its position in <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>world and its inner constitution declare that <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>function of Judaism is that of effecting a transition, of filling up an interval. so surely does <em><strong>Christianity stand high above Judaism</strong></em>; and it can only be regarded as an irrational inversion of <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>relation which God has ordained, <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>fall back from Christianity into Judaism. ...So lofty is <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>standpoint on which <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>apostle here appears <span class="gstxt_hlt">to </span>us when we see him for <span class="gstxt_hlt">the<strong><em> </em></strong></span><strong><em>first time </em></strong>setting forth in logical order <strong><em><span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>arguments with which he resisted <span class="gstxt_hlt">the </span>claims of his Judaising opponents!</em></strong>"  <em>Id</em>. at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QIQAAAAAMAAJ&amp;vq=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;pg=PA58#v=onepage&amp;q=indifferent%20to%20the%20historical%20facts&amp;f=false">58</a>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">KIERKEGAARD, 1855</span>, independent theologian and philosopher</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"<strong>Protestantism</strong> is altogether untenable. It is a revolution brought on by <em><strong>proclaiming 'the Apostle Paul' at the expense of the Master (Christ)</strong></em>. If there is to be any question of retaining Protestantism...we confess that this teaching is <em><strong>a mitigation of Christianity</strong></em> which we humans have allowed ourselves, <strong>appealing to God to put up with it</strong>. And instead Protestantism is blazoned forth as an advance in Christianity! No, it is perhaps the most profound concession to the numerical...this numerality that wants to be Christian but <strong><em>wants rid of ideality or to have it downgraded</em></strong>, and insists upon being such and such a number." (Kierkegaard, <em>Papers and Journals</em> (1996)[orig. ca. 1855] at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nuSmfkxkAWMC&amp;lpg=PA629&amp;ots=noBGnu5WM1&amp;dq=kierkegaard%20%20apostle'%20(Paul)%20at%20the%20expense%20of%20the%20Master&amp;pg=PA629#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"> 629</a> -- books.google link to original.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"[I]t is of great importance, especially in <em><strong>Protestantism</strong></em>, to correct the enormous confusion Luther caused by inverting the relation and <em><strong>actually criticizing Christ by means of Paul, the Master by means of a follower</strong></em>." (Kierkegaard, "My Task" (1855)," in<em>The Essential Kierkegaard</em> (ed. Edward H. &amp; Edna Hong)(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000) at 446 fn.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"As early as the Apostle [Paul], <em>the scaling down process begins</em>, and it seems as if the natural man gets off a little easier in becoming a Christian....[N]owadays whole countries and kingdoms are called Christian, and millions of natural men are disguised as Christians." (Kierkegaard, <em>Journals</em> [ca. 1855] 3:2921 quoted in David McCracken, <em>The scandal of the Gospels: Jesus, story, and offense </em>(1994) at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=d4bXRUIbHjQC&amp;lpg=PA65&amp;dq=kierkegaard%20apostle%20paul&amp;lr&amp;pg=PA65#v=onepage&amp;q=kierkegaard%20apostle%20paul&amp;f=false"> 65</a> -books.google.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Only the God-man [<em>i.e.</em>, Jesus] would be able to endure...the propogation of the doctrine by proclaimnig it, even if he did not gain one single follower. The <em><strong>apostle still has some selfish urge fo</strong></em>r the alleviation, <em><strong>aquiring adherents</strong></em>, become many, something the <em><strong>God-man does not</strong></em> have [to do]. He does not <em><strong>selfishly crave adherents </strong></em>and therefore has only the market price of <em><strong>eternity</strong></em>, not the market price [of the world which is cheap]." (Kierkegaard, "What Do I Want?" (1855)," in<em>The Essential Kierkegaard</em> (ed. Edward H. &amp; Edna Hong)(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000) at 433.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul made <em><strong>Christianity the religion of Paul, not of Christ</strong></em>. Paul threw the Christianity of Christ away, completely turning it upside down, making it just the opposite of the original proclamation of Christ." (Kierkegaard, <em>The Journals</em> ca. 1855)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">JOHN STUART MILL, 1859</span>, philosopher</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The Gospel always refers to a pre-existing morality,... the Old Testament.... St. Paul, a declared enemy to this Judaical mode of interpreting the doctrine ... of his Master, equally assumes a pre-existing morality, namely that of the Greeks and Romans; and his advice to Christians is in a great measure a system of accomodation of that, even to the extent of giving an apparent sanction to slavery." (Mill, <em>On Liberty</em> (1859) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3xARAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=john%20stuart%20mill%20on%20liberty&amp;pg=PA88#v=onepage&amp;q=pre-existing&amp;f=false">88</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">PAUL RENAN, 1869</span>, independent theologian,</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span>"It is vain for </span><em>Paul</em><span> to talk ; </span><span>He is </span><strong><em>inferior to the other apostles</em></strong><span>. He has not seen Jesus ; He has not heard his word. The divine logia and the parables are </span><em><strong>scarcely known to him</strong></em><span>. The </span><span>Christ</span><span> who gives him personal revelations, </span><span>is </span><strong><em>his own phantom</em></strong><span>, — it is himself he hears,</span><span>while thinking he hears Jesus</span><span>." (Paul Renan, </span><em>Saint Paul</em><span> </span><span>(G.W. Carleton, 1869) or (</span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NN8TAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Ernest%20Renan%20Saint%20Paul%20G.W.%20Carleton%201869&amp;pg=PA326">1875</a><span>) at 326.)</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span>"True Christianity, which will last for</span><span></span><span>ever,</span><strong><em> comes from the gospels, — not from the epistles of Paul</em></strong><span>. The </span>writings of Paul have been a danger and a hidden rock<span>, — the causes of the principal defects of Christian theology. Paul is the father of the subtle Augustine, of the unfruitful Thomas Aquinas, of the gloomy Calvinist, of the peevish Jansenist, of the fierce theology which damns and predestinates to damnation. Jesus is the father of all those who seek repose for their souls in dreams of the ideal. What makes Chris</span><span></span><span>tianity live, is the little that we know of the word and person of Jesus. The ideal man, the divine poet, the great artist, alone defy time and revolu</span><span></span><span>tions. T</span>hey alone are seated at the right hand of God the Father for ever more." <span> (Paul Renan, </span><em>Saint Paul</em><span> </span><span>(G.W. Carleton, 1869) or (</span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NN8TAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Ernest%20Renan%20Saint%20Paul%20G.W.%20Carleton%201869&amp;pg=PA326">1875</a><span>) at 329.)</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">LEO TOLSTOY, 1884</span>, famous writer, Christian</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The separation between the doctrine of life and the explanation of life began with the preaching of Paul who knew not the ethical teachings set forth in the Gospel of Matthew, and who preached a <strong><em>metaphisico-cabalistic theory entirely foreign to Christ</em></strong>; and this separation was perfected in the time of Constantine, when it was found possible to <strong><em>clothe the whole pagan organization of life in a Christian dress</em></strong>, and without changing it to call it Christianity." (Leo Tolstoy, <em>My Religion</em> (1884) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EnVFAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Leo%20Tolstoy%20My%20Religion&amp;pg=PA219#v=onepage&amp;q=pagan%20organization&amp;f=false">219</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span> "This deviation [from Christ's teachings] begins from the times of the Apostles and especially from that hankerer after mastership Paul." (Leo Tolstoy, Church and State (1882) quoted in "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a>,' <em>Wikipedia</em> fn. 8.</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">HANS WENDT, 1894</span> scholar</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"We know it to be certain that the teachings of Jesus,<em> if it is only grasped and preached in its original strength</em>, can and will exert in a yet<strong><em> higher measure vital and ennobling influences</em></strong> upon the further development of Christendom <strong><em>than have proceeded so far from the teaching of Paul</em></strong>." (Hans Hinrich Wendt of Jena 1894 "Die Lehre des Paulus verglichen mit der Lehre Jesu," <em>ZTK</em> 4 1-78, at 78, quoted in Wedderburn: <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=AhU4HmT5dysC&amp;lpg=PA17&amp;dq=Geschichte%20Der%20Paulinischen%20Forschung&amp;pg=PA20#v=onepage&amp;q=Geschichte%20Der%20Paulinischen%20Forschung&amp;f=false">20</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">WILLIAM WREDE, 1904</span>, Christian scholar</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The obvious contradictions in the three accounts [of Paul's conversion in Act 9 &amp; 22 &amp; 26] are enough to arouse distrust of all that goes beyond this kernel.... The moral majesty of Jesus, his purity and piety, his ministry among his people, his manner as a prophet, the whole concrete ethical-religious content of his earthly life,<strong><em> signifies for Paul's Christology--nothing whatever</em></strong>.... If we do not wish to deprive both figures of all historical distinctness, the name 'disciple of Jesus' has little applicability to Paul.... Jesus or Paul: this alternative characterizes, at least in part, the religious and theological warfare of the present day." (Wrede, <em>Paul</em> (1904).)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">FREDERICK WATSON, 1906</span>, Christian scholar</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"In particular, in the case of St. Paul's Epistles, we can also see that they all arose out of historical events which can never occur again. We observe in them not only his circumstances and the circumstances of the Church to which He was writing, but also himself— his personal feelings, human passions, zeal, indignation, love, sorrow, and the like. These are<em> not always of the highest morality</em>." (Watson, <em>Inspiration</em> (London: 1906) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vtGSDPaiRNYC&amp;dq=Watson%20Inspiration&amp;pg=PA156#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">156</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">ALBERT SCHWEITZER, 1906-1931</span> utterly Pauline-Christian, believed Paul's dispensation replaced that of Jesus of the Gospels</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul ... did not desire to know Christ after the flesh.... Those who want to find a way from the preaching of Jesus to early Christianity are conscious of the peculiar difficulties raised.... P<em>aul shows us </em>with what <em><strong>complete indifference the earthly life of Jesus</strong></em> was regarded by primary Christianity." (Albert Schweitzer, <em>The Quest for the Historical Jesus</em> (1906) at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7UPLuZZ8NHIC&amp;dq=Schweitzer%2C%20The%20Quest%20for%20the%20Historical%20Jesus&amp;pg=PA2#v=onepage&amp;q=desire%20to%20know%20Christ%20after%20the%20flesh&amp;f=false"> 2</a>.)</p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The system of the <strong><em>Apostle of the Gentiles</em></strong> stands over <strong><em>against the teaching of Jesus as something of an entirely different character</em></strong>, and does not create the impression of having arisen out of it.... It is impossible for a Hellenized<em><strong> Paulinism</strong></em> to subsist alongside of<strong><em> a primitive Christianity </em></strong>which shared the Jewish eschatological expectations.... To the problem of <strong><em>Paulinism</em></strong> belong ... questions which have <strong><em>not yet found a solution</em></strong>:... the relation of the Apostle to the historical Jesus ... and towards the [Mosaic] Law.... He does<em><strong> not appeal to the Master</strong></em> even where it might seem inevitable to do so.... It is as though he held that between the present world-period and that in which Jesus lived and <strong><em>taught there exists no link of connection</em></strong>.... What Jesus thought about the matter is ... <em><strong>indifferent to him</strong></em>.... Critics [have] demanded of theology proof that the canonical Paul and his Epistles belonged to early Christianity; and the demand was justified." (Albert Schweitzer <em>Paul and His Interpreters</em> (1912) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=fvtHTOvMGsignQfXtrWzDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=_XG837igHnEC&amp;dq=Schweitzer+Paul+and+His+Interpreters&amp;q=appeal+to+the+master#search_anchor">245</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The differences and oppositions...reveal themselves <strong><em>between the teaching of Jesus</em></strong> and that of <strong><em>Paul</em></strong>...."  (Albert Schweitzer <em>Paul and His Interpreters </em>(1912) at <strong><em>154</em></strong>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"[T]he rapid diffusion of Paul's ideas can be attributed to his belief that the death of Christ signified the end of the [Mosaic] Law. In the course of one or two generations this concept became the common property of the Christian faith, although<strong><em> it stood in contradiction to the tradition teaching represented by the Apostles at Jerusalem</em></strong>." (Albert Schweitzer, <em>Out of My Life and Thought</em> (1931) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jHuYuLugqBAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Out+of+My+Life+and+Thought+inauthor:Schweitzer&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=VfpHTPP4L4PdnAeU_o20DQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=rapid%20diffusion&amp;f=false">121</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"What is the significance for our faith and for our religious life, of the fact that the Gospel of Paul is different from the Gospel of Jesus?... The attitude which Paul himself takes up towards the Gospel of Jesus is that he does not repeat it in the words of Jesus, and <strong><em>does not appeal to its authority</em></strong>.... The fateful thing is that the Greek, the Catholic and the Protestant theologies all contain the<em><strong> Gospel of Paul in a form which does not continue the Gospel of Jesus, but displaces it</strong></em>." (Albert Schweitzer <em>The Mysticism of St. Paul </em>(1931) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=X_lHTKPGLYyenAfcnYXmDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=oV8JAQAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Albert+Schweitzer+The+Mysticism+of+St.+Paul&amp;q=displaces+it#search_anchor">391</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Where possible he (Paul) avoids quoting the teaching of Jesus, in fact even mentioning it. If we had to rely on Paul, we should not know that Jesus taught in parables, had delivered the sermon on the mount, and had taught His disciples the 'Our Father.' Even where they are specially relevant, Paul passes over the words of the Lord." (Albert Schweitzer, <em>The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle</em>, at 171.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">GERALD FRIEDLANDER, 1911, </span><span>Jewish "Minister of the West London Synagogue"</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul has surely <em>nothing to do with the Sermon on the Mount</em>.... The Sermon says: 'Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly are ravening wolves' (Matt.vii.15). This is generally understood as a warning against untrustworthy leaders in religion.... Does the verse express the experience of the primitive Church?<strong><em> Might it not be a warning against Paul and his followers?</em></strong>" (Gerald Friedlander, <em>The Jewish Sources of the Sermon on the Mount</em> (1911) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hLj0sfSyXQEC&amp;lpg=PR2&amp;dq=Gerald%20Friedlander%2C%20The%20Jewish%20Sources%20of%20the%20Sermon%20on%20the%20Mount&amp;pg=PA250#v=onepage&amp;q=beware&amp;f=false">250</a>.)</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span><span style="color: #0000ff;">JAMES ORR, 1915</span></span><span style="color: #0000ff;">, </span><span>Christian scholar</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"It is the same fallacy which underlies the contrast frequently <span class="gstxt_hlt">sought </span>to be drawn between the <em>religious standpoints of </em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><strong><em>Christ </em></strong></span><strong><em>and </em></strong><span class="gstxt_hlt"><strong><em>Paul</em></strong></span><span class="gstxt_hlt">. Paul </span><em>never for an instant dreamt of<strong><em> putting himself on the same plane with </em></strong></em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><strong><em>Christ</em></strong></span><span class="gstxt_hlt">. Paul </span>was <span class="gstxt_hlt">sinner; Christ </span>was Saviour<em><strong>. </strong></em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><em><strong>Paul </strong></em></span><em><strong>was disciple; </strong></em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><em><strong>Christ </strong></em></span><em><strong>was Lord</strong></em>. <span class="gstxt_hlt">Paul </span>was weak, struggling man; <span class="gstxt_hlt">Christ </span>was Son of God. Jesus achieved redemption; <span class="gstxt_hlt">Paul </span>appropriated it. These things involved the<strong><em> </em></strong><strong><strong><em>widest contrasts in attitude and speech</em></strong>." </strong>(James Orr, "Christianity, <em>ISBE</em> Vol. I (1915), at<strong> <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=p34PAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Christianity%20the%20religion%20of%20Paul%2C%20not%20of%20Christ.&amp;pg=PA625#v=onepage&amp;q=Christianity%20the%20religion%20of%20Paul,%20not%20of%20Christ.&amp;f=false">625</a>.)</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">H.G. WELLS, 1921</span>, historian</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"But it is equally a fact in history that <em>St. </em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><strong><em>Paul </em></strong></span><strong><em>and </em></strong><span class="gstxt_hlt"><strong><em>his successors added </em></strong></span><strong><em>to</em></strong> or completed or<span class="gstxt_hlt">imposed upon </span>or <span class="gstxt_hlt"><strong><em>substituted another doctrine</em></strong> </span>for—as you may prefer to think— the<em><strong> </strong></em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><em><strong>plain </strong></em></span><em><strong>and profoundly revolutionary </strong></em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><em><strong>teachings </strong></em></span><em><strong>of </strong></em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><em><strong>Jesus </strong></em></span>by expounding<em><strong> a subtle and complex theory of salvatio</strong></em><strong><em>n</em></strong>, a salvation which could be attained very <strong><em>largely by belief</em></strong> and formalities,<strong><em> without any serious disturbance of the believer's ordinary habits and occupations</em></strong>, and that this Pauline teaching <em>did </em>involve very definite beliefs about the history of the world and man. It is not the business of the historian to controvert or explain these matters; the question of their ultimate significance depends <span class="gstxt_hlt">upon </span>the theologian; the historian's concern is merely with the fact that <em><strong>official Christianity throughout the world adopted St. Paul's view so plainly expressed in </strong></em><span class="gstxt_hlt"><em><strong>his </strong></em></span><em><strong>epistiles</strong></em> [<span>953</span>] and <strong><em>so untraceable in the gospels</em></strong>, that the meaning of religion lay not in the future, but in the past, and that <span class="gstxt_hlt"><em><strong>Jesus </strong></em></span><em><strong>was not so much a teacher of wonderful new things</strong></em>, as a predestinate divine blood sacrifice of deep mystery and sacredness made in atonement of a particular historical act of disobedience to the Creator committed by our first parents, Adam and Eve, in response to the temptation of a serpent in the Garden of Eden. (H.G. Wells, <em>The Outline of History</em> (1921) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rTAMAAAAIAAJ&amp;lpg=PA952&amp;ots=mckhvLLhr7&amp;dq=Paul%20and%20his%20successors%20added%20to%20imposed%20upon%20or%20substituted%20another%20doctrine%20for%20the%20plain%20teachings%20of%20Jesus&amp;pg=PA952">952-953</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">OSWALD SPENGLER, 1928</span>, social historian</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul had for the Jesus-communities of Jerusalem a scarcely veiled contempt.... 'Jesus is the Redeemer and Paul is his Prophet'--this is the whole content of his message. <em>The Decline of the West</em> (1928) at 289, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jYjYLoGSsQgC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=spengler%20decline%20of%20the%20west&amp;pg=PA291#v=snippet&amp;q=prophet&amp;f=false">291</a>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">LUDWIG WITTENSTEIN, 1937</span>, distinguished philosopher</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The spring which flows gently and limpidly in the Gospels seems to have froth on it in Paul's Epistles.... To me it's as though I saw human passion here [<em>i.e.</em>, in Paul], something like pride or anger, which is<strong><em> not in tune with the humility of the Gospels</em></strong>. It's as though he is insisting here on his own person, and doing so moreover as a religious gesture, which is <em><strong>foreign to the Gospel.</strong></em> I want to ask--and may this be no blasphemy--'What might Christ have said to Paul?'... In the Gospels--as it seems to me--everything is less pretentious, humbler, simpler. There you find huts; in Paul a church. There all men are equal and God himself is a man; <strong><em>in Paul there is already something like a hierarchy, honours and official positions</em></strong>." (Ludwig Wittgenstein, <em>Culture and Value</em> (1980, notes from 1937) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3SOjrAgrlx0C&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Ludwig%20Wittgenstein%20culture%20and%20value&amp;pg=PA30-IA1#v=onepage&amp;q=hierarchy&amp;f=false">30</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">WIL DURANT, 1944</span>, historian</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul created a theology of which none but the vaguest warrants can be found in the words of Christ.... Through these interpretations Paul could neglect the actual life and sayings of Jesus, which he had not directly known.... He had replaced conduct with creed as the test of virtue. It was a tragic change." (W. Durant, <em>Caesar and Christ</em> (1944) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=3A-eTIXDEse4ngfzkPivDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=rPZwAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=wil+durant+caesar+and+christ&amp;q=vaguest#search_anchor">588</a> (vaguest warrant); <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=3A-eTIXDEse4ngfzkPivDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=rPZwAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=wil+durant+caesar+and+christ&amp;q=sayings#search_anchor">589</a> (neglect); <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=3A-eTIXDEse4ngfzkPivDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=rPZwAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=wil+durant+caesar+and+christ&amp;q=tragic#search_anchor">592</a> (tragic change).)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">THOMAS FROST, 1947</span>, poet</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul: he’s in the Bible too. He is the fellow who theologized Christ almost out of Christianity. Look out for him." (Robert Frost, <em>A Masque of Mercy</em>, 1947)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">HERBERT J. MULLER, 1952</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Saul of Tarsus, who became St. Paul,... knew Jesus only by hearsay, and rarely referred to his human life.... Paul preached a gospel about Jesus that wa<strong><em>s not taught by the Jesus of the synoptic Gospels</em></strong>.... Setting himself against [the] other disciples,... he was largely responsible for the violent break with Judaism.... He contributed a radical dualism of flesh and spirit <strong><em>unwarranted by the teachings of Jesus</em></strong>." (Muller, <em>Uses of the Past</em> (Oxford University, 1952) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=TBGeTILeFaDtnQeAhvWNDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=unEaAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Herbert+muller+uses+of+past&amp;q=hearsay#search_anchor">157</a> (hearsay, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=TBGeTILeFaDtnQeAhvWNDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=unEaAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Herbert+muller+uses+of+past&amp;q=synoptic#search_anchor">not taught by Jesus</a>); <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=TBGeTILeFaDtnQeAhvWNDQ&amp;ct=result&amp;id=unEaAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=Herbert+muller+uses+of+past&amp;q=unwarranted#search_anchor">160</a> (unwarranted).)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">W.D. DAVIES, 1958</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Jewish-Christians [opposing Paul] ... must have been a very strong, widespread element in the earliest days of the Church.... <strong><em>They took for granted that the gospel was continuous with Judaism</em></strong>.... According to some scholars, they must have been so strong that right up to the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70 they were the dominant element in the Christian movement." W.D. Davies, 'Paul and Jewish Christianity', in J. Daniélou (ed.), <em>Théologie du Judéo-Chriantianisme</em> (Paris: 1958)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">HANS JOACHIM SCHOEPS, 1961</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"[Drawing a] stark contrast between the religion of the law and the religion of grace,... Paul had <em><strong>lost all understanding of the character of the Hebraic berith [covenant] as a partnership</strong></em> involving mutual obligations, [and thus] he failed to grasp the inner meaning of the Mosaic law." (Hans Joachim Schoeps, <em><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cIDAOgAACAAJ">Paul: The Theology of the Apostle in the Light of Jewish Religious History</a></em> (English translation 1961).)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">AMMON HENNACY, 1970 </span>Christian pacifist and anarchist</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span>"Paul spoiled the message of Christ." (Hennacy, "Paul and the Churches,"</span><em>The Book of Ammon </em>(1970) at <span>475, quoted in "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Christianity#cite_note-8">Pauline Christianity</a>," <em>Wikipedia</em>.</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">HOLGER KERSTEN</span>, 1987, German investigator</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul taught that the whole function of Jesus centred on his death which released the faithful from the burden of their sins, their misery and the power of Satan. In fact<strong><em> not a single word Paul wrote in the Epistles gives the actual teaching of Jesus, nor does he mention even one of his parables</em></strong>; instead he spreads his own philosophy and his own ideas.  ***</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The point comes home best when one considers Paul's explicit statement that the human individual can do nothing himself to secure salvation, "Cf. Rom. 3,24; 3,28; 9,11; 9,16; 1.Cor. 1,29; Gal. 2,16). For according to Paul salvation depends solely on the Grace of God." (Eph. 2, 8-9).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Thus the Pauline doctrine makes salvation a one-sided matter for God; people on earth have their hands bound (cf. Rom. 3,24; 4,16; Eph. 2,5; 2,8-9; 2. Tim. 1,9; Tit. 3,5-7). What Paul says here is of course<em><strong> quite attractive, because it is comfortable</strong></em>. By joining the fold, salvation ensues "automatically".<strong><em> No effort on one's own part is then necessary to arrive at the goal of life</em></strong>, for every Christian is saved once and for all by the sacrificial death of Jesus on the cross at Golgotha.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"It means that one has only to sign up with this 'institution', pay the embership fee', and (lo and behold!) everything is settled for securing a seat in paradise for all eternity. Naturally such a teaching attracted many supporters and spread rapidly. <em><strong>After all it is easier to believe in something that can be had safely and comfortably</strong></em>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Simply by the simple act of conversion a person is then redeemed, saved, made a child of God, and becomes a completely new person. According to this teaching,<strong><em> every attempt on one's own part to work towards salvation plays down Jesus' role, is even a deadly sin</em></strong>. And conversely, every person, however exemplary and good his or her life may have been, is declared by his teaching to be lost if he or she does not gratefully acknowledge the sacrifice of the cross as constituting their entire personal salvation.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Most Christians think the greatness and uniqueness of Christianity stands and falls with the truth of his teaching. On closer inspection, however, it is found to be <strong><em>a fabrication, far removed from the real ideas of Jesus</em></strong>. There is<em><strong> no hint of the so called Christian doctrine of salvation in the gospels, either in the sermon on the mount - the quintessence of Jesus' message - or in the Our Father, or the traditional parables of Jesus</strong></em>!</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Jesus did not supply theories to be ground in the mills of academia, about his path and message -- he just lived his teaching!" (Holger Kersten, <em>Jesus Lived in India</em> (1987) -<a href="http://www.sol.com.au/kor/7_01.htm"> review</a>; <a href="http://www.sol.com.au/kor/7_02.htm">excerpt quotation</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">HELMUT KOESTER, 1990, </span><span>scholar on Paul</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul stands in the twilight zone of heresy...." (Helmut Koester, "The Theological Aspects of Primitive Christian Heresy," in James Robinson (ed.), <em>The Future of our Religious Past</em> (N.Y.: Harper &amp; Row, 1971).</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"One immediately encounters a major difficulty. Whatever Jesus had preached did not become the content of the missionary proclamation of Paul, nor of the churches from which his proclamation took its origin...." (Helmut Koester, <em>Ancient Christian Gospels</em> (1990) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DGK4sIPk4PYC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=Helmut%20Koester%20Ancient%20Christian%20Gospels&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q=proclamation&amp;f=false">51</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Sayings of Jesus do not play a role in Paul's understanding of the event of salvation.... The Epistle of James also shares with the Sermon on the Mount the rejection of the Pauline thesis that Christ is the end of the [Mosaic] law. ||<strong><em> Paul did not care at all what Jesus had said</em></strong>.... Had Paul been completely successful,<strong><em> very little of the sayings of Jesus would have survived</em></strong>." (Helmut Koester with Stephen Patterson, "The Gospel of Thomas: Does It Contain Authentic Sayings of Jesus?," <em>Bible Review</em> (April 1990) Vol. 6 No. 2 at 28-39</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">MICHAEL BAIGENT &amp; RICHARD LEIGH, 1991</span>, historians / authors</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Paul is in effect the first Christian heretic, and his teachings, which become the foundation of later Christianity, are a<strong><em> flagrant deviation from the 'Original'</em></strong> or 'pure' form extolled by the leadership. Whether James, the 'Lord's brother,' was literally Jesus' blood kin or not (and everything suggests he was), it is clear that he knew Jesus...personally. So did most of the other members of the community or 'early Church,' in Jerusalem, including of course, Peter. When they spoke, they did so with first hand authority. Paul had never had such personal acquaintance with the figure he'd begun to regard as his 'Saviour.' He had only his<strong><em> quasi-mystical experience in the desert and the sound of a disembodied voice</em></strong>. For him to arrogate authority to himself on this basis is, to say the least, <em><strong>presumptuous</strong></em>. It also leads him to<strong><em> distort Jesus' teachings beyond recognition, to formulate, in fact, his own highly individual and idiosyncratic theology</em></strong>, and then to legitimise it by spuriously ascribing it to Jesus."</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"As things transpired, however, the mainstream of the new movement gradually coalesced, during the next three centuries, around Paul and his teachings. Thus, to the undoubted posthumous horror of James and his associates, an entirely new religion was indeed born, a religion that<strong><em> came to have less and less to do with its supposed founder</em></strong>." (<em>Dead Sea Scrolls Deception</em> (London: 1991), excerpted <a href="http://www.sol.com.au/kor/7_02.htm">here</a>.)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">BART EHRMAN</span>, <span style="color: #0000ff;">1993</span>, scholar</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">"What did the historical Jesus teach in comparison with what the historical Paul taught?… Jesus taught that to escape judgment a person must keep the central teachings of the Jewish Law as he, Jesus himself, interpreted them. Paul, interestingly enough, never mentions Jesus’ interpretation of the [Mosaic] Law, and Paul was quite insistent that<em> keeping the Law would never bring Salvation</em>. The only way to be saved, for Paul, was to trust Jesus’ death and resurrection… Paul transformed the religion of Jesus into a religion about Jesus." (Bart D. Ehrman, <em>The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture</em>, 1993)</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><strong>CREDITS</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Partial credit for some of these quotes goes to <a href="http://www.metalog.org/files/paul_p1.html">Metalog</a> whose quote collection now is only preserved at <a href="http://www.paulv.net/theology/UC/Paul%20Paradox.htm">Paul Paradox</a>.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">See also an unformatted collection of famous quotes on Paul at this <a href="/JWO/collection-of-paul-criticisms.html">subpage</a>.</p> </td>
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