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More consistently call Alice/Bob Alyssa/Ben
This converges on the ActivityPub document
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README.org
@ -382,43 +382,43 @@ This does not mean that there aren't other layers where we can't
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prohibit such activity, but we shouldn't pretend we can prevent it
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prohibit such activity, but we shouldn't pretend we can prevent it
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at the protocol layer.
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at the protocol layer.
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For example, Alice may converse with her therapist over the
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For example, Alyssa may converse with her therapist over the
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protocol of sound wave vibrations (ie, simple human speech).
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protocol of sound wave vibrations (ie, simple human speech).
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Alice may be expressing information that is meant to be private,
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Alyssa may be expressing information that is meant to be private,
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but there is nothing about speech traveling through the air that
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but there is nothing about speech traveling through the air that
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prevents the therapist from breaking confidence and gossiping
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prevents the therapist from breaking confidence and gossiping
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about it to outside sources.
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about it to outside sources.
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But Alice could take her therapist to court, and her therapist could
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But Alyssa could take her therapist to court, and her therapist could
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lose her license.
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lose her license.
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But this is not on the protocol layer of ordinary human speech itself.
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But this is not on the protocol layer of ordinary human speech itself.
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Similarly, we could add a "please keep this private" flag to
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Similarly, we could add a "please keep this private" flag to
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ActivityPub messages so that Alice could tell Bob to please not
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ActivityPub messages so that Alyssa could tell Ben to please not
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share her secrets.
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share her secrets.
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Bob, being a good friend, will probably comply, and maybe his client
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Ben, being a good friend, will probably comply, and maybe his client
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will help him cooperate by default.
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will help him cooperate by default.
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But "please" or "request" is really key to our interface, since from
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But "please" or "request" is really key to our interface, since from
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a protocol perspective, there is no guarantee that Bob will comply.
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a protocol perspective, there is no guarantee that Ben will comply.
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However this does not mean there are no consequences for Bob if he
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However this does not mean there are no consequences for Ben if he
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betrays Alice's trust: Alice may stop being his friend, or at least
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betrays Alyssa's trust: Alyssa may stop being his friend, or at least
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unfollow him.
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unfollow him.
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Likewise, it is not possible to attach a protocol-enforceable "do not
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Likewise, it is not possible to attach a protocol-enforceable "do not
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delegate" flag onto any form of authority, whether it be an ocap or an
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delegate" flag onto any form of authority, whether it be an ocap or an
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ACL.
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ACL.
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If Alice tells Bob that Bob, and Bob alone, has been granted access to
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If Alyssa tells Ben that Ben, and Ben alone, has been granted access to
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this tool, we should realize that as long as Bob wants to cooperate
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this tool, we should realize that as long as Ben wants to cooperate
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with Mallet and has communication access to him, he can always set up
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with Mallet and has communication access to him, he can always set up
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a proxy that can forward requests to Alice's tool as if they were
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a proxy that can forward requests to Alyssa's tool as if they were
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Bob's.
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Ben's.
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We are not endorsing this, but we are acknowledging it.
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We are not endorsing this, but we are acknowledging it.
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Still, there is something we can do: we could wrap Bob's access to
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Still, there is something we can do: we could wrap Ben's access to
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Alice's tool in such a way that it logs that this is the capability
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Alyssa's tool in such a way that it logs that this is the capability
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Alice handed to Bob being invoked every time it is invoked, and
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Alyssa handed to Ben being invoked every time it is invoked, and
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disable access if it is misused... whether due to Bob's actions,
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disable access if it is misused... whether due to Ben's actions,
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or Mallet's.
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or Mallet's.
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In this way, even though Alice cannot prevent Bob from delegating
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In this way, even though Alyssa cannot prevent Ben from delegating
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authority, Alice can hold Bob accountable for the authority granted
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authority, Alyssa can hold Ben accountable for the authority granted
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to him.
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to him.
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If we do not take this approach, we expose our users to harm.
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If we do not take this approach, we expose our users to harm.
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@ -527,19 +527,19 @@ network effect of having this be the foundation is re-centralization.
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Furthermore, it doesn't even reflect human behavior; few people
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Furthermore, it doesn't even reflect human behavior; few people
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belong to only one community.
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belong to only one community.
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Alice may be a mathematics professor at work, a fanfiction author
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Alyssa may be a mathematics professor at work, a fanfiction author
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in her personal time, and a tabletop game enthusiast with her friends.
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in her personal time, and a tabletop game enthusiast with her friends.
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The behaviors that Alice exhibits and norms of what is considered
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The behaviors that Alyssa exhibits and norms of what is considered
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acceptable may shift radically in each of these communities, even if
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acceptable may shift radically in each of these communities, even if
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in all of these communities she is Alice.
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in all of these communities she is Alyssa.
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This isn't duplicitous behavior, this is normal human behavior,
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This isn't duplicitous behavior, this is normal human behavior,
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and if our systems don't allow for it, they aren't systems that
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and if our systems don't allow for it, they aren't systems that
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serve our users' needs.
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serve our users' needs.
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But consider also that Alice may have one email account, and yet may
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But consider also that Alyssa may have one email account, and yet may
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use it for all three of these different communities' email mailing
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use it for all three of these different communities' email mailing
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lists.
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lists.
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Those mailing lists may be all on different servers, and yet Alice
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Those mailing lists may be all on different servers, and yet Alyssa
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is able to be the right version of Alice for each of those communities
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is able to be the right version of Alyssa for each of those communities
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as she interacts with them.
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as she interacts with them.
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This seems to point at a mistake in assumptions about the federated
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This seems to point at a mistake in assumptions about the federated
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social web: the instance is not the community level, because users
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social web: the instance is not the community level, because users
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@ -692,45 +692,45 @@ We will get into the technicality of how to implement ocaps in
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The foundation of our system will rely on establishing trust between
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The foundation of our system will rely on establishing trust between
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two parties.
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two parties.
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If Alice trusts Carol to be able to perform an action, she might
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If Alyssa trusts Carol to be able to perform an action, she might
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"give consent" to Carol.
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"give consent" to Carol.
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However, giving consent to Carol is not necessarily permanent; Alice
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However, giving consent to Carol is not necessarily permanent; Alyssa
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has the tools to track abuse of her resources, and if she sees that
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has the tools to track abuse of her resources, and if she sees that
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Carol is irresponsible, she can revoke her consent to Carol.
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Carol is irresponsible, she can revoke her consent to Carol.
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(While Carol could have handed this authority to someone else, Alice
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(While Carol could have handed this authority to someone else, Alyssa
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would still see the abuse coming from the access she handed Carol,
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would still see the abuse coming from the access she handed Carol,
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and could still hold Carol responsible.)
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and could still hold Carol responsible.)
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What about users that do not yet trust each other?
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What about users that do not yet trust each other?
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If Alice does not yet know or trust Bob, it is up to Alice's default
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If Alyssa does not yet know or trust Ben, it is up to Alyssa's default
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settings as to whether or not Bob has any opportunity to message Alice.
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settings as to whether or not Ben has any opportunity to message Alyssa.
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Maybe Alice only gets messages from entities she has existing
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Maybe Alyssa only gets messages from entities she has existing
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relationships with.
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relationships with.
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However, it is possible that Alice could have a "default profile"
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However, it is possible that Alyssa could have a "default profile"
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that anyone can see, but which bears a cost to send a message through.
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that anyone can see, but which bears a cost to send a message through.
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Perhaps Bob can try to send a message, but it ends up in a moderator
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Perhaps Ben can try to send a message, but it ends up in a moderator
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queue.
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queue.
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Or, perhaps Bob can send Alice a message, but he must attach "two
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Or, perhaps Ben can send Alyssa a message, but he must attach "two
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postage stamps" to the message.
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postage stamps" to the message.
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In this case, if the message was nice, Alice might refund Bob one
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In this case, if the message was nice, Alyssa might refund Ben one
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or both stamps.
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or both stamps.
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She might even decide to hand him the authority to send messages to
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She might even decide to hand him the authority to send messages to
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her in the future, for free.
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her in the future, for free.
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But say Bob is a spammer and is sending a Viagra ad; Alice can keep
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But say Ben is a spammer and is sending a Viagra ad; Alyssa can keep
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the stamps.
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the stamps.
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Now Bob has to "pay" Alice to be spammed (and depending on how we
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Now Ben has to "pay" Alyssa to be spammed (and depending on how we
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decide to implement it, Alice might be able to keep this payment).
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decide to implement it, Alyssa might be able to keep this payment).
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There is always a cost to unwanted messages, but in our current
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There is always a cost to unwanted messages, but in our current
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systems the costs lie on the side of the receiver, not the sender.
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systems the costs lie on the side of the receiver, not the sender.
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We can shift that dynamic for unestablished relationships.
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We can shift that dynamic for unestablished relationships.
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And critically, it is up to Alice to decide her threshold: if she is
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And critically, it is up to Alyssa to decide her threshold: if she is
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receiving abusive messages, she can up the number of stamps required,
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receiving abusive messages, she can up the number of stamps required,
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disable her public inbox entirely, or hand over moderation to a
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disable her public inbox entirely, or hand over moderation to a
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trusted party during a particularly difficult period.
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trusted party during a particularly difficult period.
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But even if she disables her inbox, the parties which have existing
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But even if she disables her inbox, the parties which have existing
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trust relationships with Alice can still message her at no cost.
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trust relationships with Alyssa can still message her at no cost.
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While we do not claim that we can fully model a system of consent in
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While we do not claim that we can fully model a system of consent in
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this system, we can provide the
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this system, we can provide the
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@ -800,28 +800,28 @@ some interesting things we could do:
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construct and hand the valet a "valet key" that only permits
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construct and hand the valet a "valet key" that only permits
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driving five miles and won't open the glove box or trunk.
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driving five miles and won't open the glove box or trunk.
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Sorry kid, you're not getting a joy ride this time.
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Sorry kid, you're not getting a joy ride this time.
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- *revocation*: Let's say that Alice wants to allow her roommate
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- *revocation*: Let's say that Alyssa wants to allow her roommate
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Bob to drive her car, but she also wants to be able to take away
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Ben to drive her car, but she also wants to be able to take away
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that right if Bob misuses it or if they stop being roommates.
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that right if Ben misuses it or if they stop being roommates.
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Alice can make a new car key that has a wire inside of it;
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Alyssa can make a new car key that has a wire inside of it;
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Alice holds onto a device where if she presses the button, the
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Alyssa holds onto a device where if she presses the button, the
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key "self destructs" (ie the wire melts).
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key "self destructs" (ie the wire melts).
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Now Alice can stop Bob from being able to drive the car if she
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Now Alyssa can stop Ben from being able to drive the car if she
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wants to (and if she does, it'll also disable access to anyone
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wants to (and if she does, it'll also disable access to anyone
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else Bob has delegated a key to).
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else Ben has delegated a key to).
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- *accountability*: Alice has multiple roommates, and while she would
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- *accountability*: Alyssa has multiple roommates, and while she would
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like to allow them all to drive her car, the next time someone
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like to allow them all to drive her car, the next time someone
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spills a drink in the car and doesn't clean it up, she wants to know
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spills a drink in the car and doesn't clean it up, she wants to know
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who to blame by seeing who drove the car last.
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who to blame by seeing who drove the car last.
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Alice can achieve this via *composition*: she installs a separate
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Alyssa can achieve this via *composition*: she installs a separate
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"logging" panel into the dashboard of her car, to which she has the
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"logging" panel into the dashboard of her car, to which she has the
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capability to view the logs.
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capability to view the logs.
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Next, for the keys that she hands her roommates, she composes together
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Next, for the keys that she hands her roommates, she composes together
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access to drive the car with the logging service and associates each
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access to drive the car with the logging service and associates each
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key with her roommate's name.
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key with her roommate's name.
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Now each time one of her roommates uses one of these keys, the logging
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Now each time one of her roommates uses one of these keys, the logging
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console (which only Alice has access to) takes note of the associated
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console (which only Alyssa has access to) takes note of the associated
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name, so Alice can check who left a mess last.
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name, so Alyssa can check who left a mess last.
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You may have noticed that as we went further in the examples, the
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You may have noticed that as we went further in the examples, the
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ability to construct such rich capabilities on the fly seemed less
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ability to construct such rich capabilities on the fly seemed less
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@ -912,8 +912,8 @@ whenever we need them... authority can be handed over "just in time".
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This is less surprising if we consider the way passing around ocap
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This is less surprising if we consider the way passing around ocap
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references resembles the way people develop social relationships.
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references resembles the way people develop social relationships.
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If Alice knows Bob and Alice knows Carol, Alice might decide it is
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If Alyssa knows Ben and Alyssa knows Carol, Alyssa might decide it is
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useful to introduce Bob to Carol.
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useful to introduce Ben to Carol.
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We see this all the time with the way people exchange phone numbers
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We see this all the time with the way people exchange phone numbers
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today.
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today.
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"Oh, you really ought to meet Carol! Hold on, let me give you her
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"Oh, you really ought to meet Carol! Hold on, let me give you her
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@ -935,8 +935,8 @@ transaction infrastructure, can be modeled on ocaps).
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In this paper "Granovetter Diagrams" such as the above are introduced,
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In this paper "Granovetter Diagrams" such as the above are introduced,
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showing how ocaps flow through a system by social introductions.
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showing how ocaps flow through a system by social introductions.
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In fact the above diagram is pretty much exactly the same as our phone
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In fact the above diagram is pretty much exactly the same as our phone
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number exchange... "Alice is sending Bob the message =foo=, which
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number exchange... "Alyssa is sending Ben the message =foo=, which
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contains a reference to Carol, and now Bob has been introduced to /
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contains a reference to Carol, and now Ben has been introduced to /
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has access to Carol."
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has access to Carol."
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It turns out that Granovetter Diagrams have their origin in sociology,
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It turns out that Granovetter Diagrams have their origin in sociology,
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@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ How about the rest?
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It turns out that one abstraction gives us all the power we need:
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It turns out that one abstraction gives us all the power we need:
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simple, humble, everyday proxies.
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simple, humble, everyday proxies.
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Let's say Alice has a file on a file storage server corresponding to a
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Let's say Alyssa has a file on a file storage server corresponding to a
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list of people she would like to invite to a party.
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list of people she would like to invite to a party.
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It is going to be an enormous birthday bash, so she decides she needs
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It is going to be an enormous birthday bash, so she decides she needs
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to keep track of the participants:
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to keep track of the participants:
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@ -1227,12 +1227,12 @@ This file object can accept any of the following two methods:
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- *=READ=*: Allows you to see who is currently on the list.
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- *=READ=*: Allows you to see who is currently on the list.
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- *=WRITE=*: Allows you to completely replace the file.
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- *=WRITE=*: Allows you to completely replace the file.
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Alyssa would like to give Bob, Carol, and Lem access to see who is
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Alyssa would like to give Ben, Carol, and Lem access to see who is
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on the list, but not to modify the list.
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on the list, but not to modify the list.
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"If you want someone added to the list, you can call me up and
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"If you want someone added to the list, you can call me up and
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ask me to add them, but for now I'll just give you read access."
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ask me to add them, but for now I'll just give you read access."
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She makes separate read-only capabilities to give to Bob and Carol.
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She makes separate read-only capabilities to give to Ben and Carol.
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These have the following addresses:
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These have the following addresses:
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: # aka <PARTY-FILE-READ-ONLY-1>
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: # aka <PARTY-FILE-READ-ONLY-1>
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@ -1240,11 +1240,11 @@ These have the following addresses:
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: # aka <PARTY-FILE-READ-ONLY-2>
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: # aka <PARTY-FILE-READ-ONLY-2>
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: https://filestore.example/obj/DV9E9-jJaX7wFXtQuRMl1m_91d502cv-_5LX8F-GTn8
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: https://filestore.example/obj/DV9E9-jJaX7wFXtQuRMl1m_91d502cv-_5LX8F-GTn8
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She hands these out to Bob and Carol respectively.
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She hands these out to Ben and Carol respectively.
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Now Bob tries making a =READ= request against =<PARTY-FILE-READ-ONLY-1>=.
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Now Ben tries making a =READ= request against =<PARTY-FILE-READ-ONLY-1>=.
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It works!
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It works!
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Bob sees that one of his friends isn't on the list yet, so he tries
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Ben sees that one of his friends isn't on the list yet, so he tries
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to =WRITE= a new copy of the file that has them listed.
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to =WRITE= a new copy of the file that has them listed.
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Except that this time it throws an error.
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Except that this time it throws an error.
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How?
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How?
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@ -1258,15 +1258,15 @@ Due to the nature of object capabilities, this works!
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Proxies turned out to be all that was necessary to add this
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Proxies turned out to be all that was necessary to add this
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restriction on use.
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restriction on use.
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Bob calls up Alice and tells her that he appreciates that she wants to
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Ben calls up Alyssa and tells her that he appreciates that she wants to
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maintain the list, but he has a lot of ideas for people to add, couldn't
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maintain the list, but he has a lot of ideas for people to add, couldn't
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he please write to the file?
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he please write to the file?
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Alice decides that she completely trusts Bob to add new people to the list
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Alyssa decides that she completely trusts Ben to add new people to the list
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but he has a bad habit of highlighting text while reading it and accidentally
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but he has a bad habit of highlighting text while reading it and accidentally
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deleting information.
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deleting information.
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But adding lines? That seems ok.
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But adding lines? That seems ok.
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Alice makes a new proxy to give to Bob:
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Alyssa makes a new proxy to give to Ben:
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: # aka <PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>
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: # aka <PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>
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: https://filestore.example/obj/VhCCn5LjHKhDny50BIwCU8joyUgKyFIursNhfSgl1SY
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: https://filestore.example/obj/VhCCn5LjHKhDny50BIwCU8joyUgKyFIursNhfSgl1SY
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@ -1274,15 +1274,15 @@ Alice makes a new proxy to give to Bob:
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This new proxy has a =READ= method along with a brand new method that
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This new proxy has a =READ= method along with a brand new method that
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didn't even exist on the original object called =APPEND= which accepts
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didn't even exist on the original object called =APPEND= which accepts
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as an argument a single line to add to the file.
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as an argument a single line to add to the file.
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It was easy for Alice to build this: =APPEND= first does a =READ= against
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It was easy for Alyssa to build this: =APPEND= first does a =READ= against
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=<PARTY-FILE>=, adds the line to those contents, and does a =WRITE= of the
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=<PARTY-FILE>=, adds the line to those contents, and does a =WRITE= of the
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new version.
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new version.
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Now Bob can =APPEND= as many guests as he wants, but there's no risk of
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Now Ben can =APPEND= as many guests as he wants, but there's no risk of
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him deleting the current attendees.
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him deleting the current attendees.
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Carol hears of Bob's ability to append guests and is jealous.
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Carol hears of Ben's ability to append guests and is jealous.
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She calls up Alice and says, can't I get access to =APPEND= also?
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She calls up Alyssa and says, can't I get access to =APPEND= also?
|
||||||
Alice trusts Bob to keep the number of guests he added within reason
|
Alyssa trusts Ben to keep the number of guests he added within reason
|
||||||
but she's not so sure about Carol.
|
but she's not so sure about Carol.
|
||||||
She decides to make a new capability to give to Carol:
|
She decides to make a new capability to give to Carol:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ She decides to make a new capability to give to Carol:
|
|||||||
: https://filestore.example/obj/NSgn-DCUlbpe7DWTWipF92K09WFdfknYCpJnal0SgoQ
|
: https://filestore.example/obj/NSgn-DCUlbpe7DWTWipF92K09WFdfknYCpJnal0SgoQ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This supports the same kind of =APPEND= method interface as the
|
This supports the same kind of =APPEND= method interface as the
|
||||||
=<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>= that Alice gave Bob, but it has a new
|
=<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>= that Alyssa gave Ben, but it has a new
|
||||||
restriction: this version of =APPEND= keeps track of an integer, the number
|
restriction: this version of =APPEND= keeps track of an integer, the number
|
||||||
of guests added through that capability.
|
of guests added through that capability.
|
||||||
Once three guests have been added, it will refuse to allow any more
|
Once three guests have been added, it will refuse to allow any more
|
||||||
@ -1303,9 +1303,9 @@ proxies just yet!
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Revocation
|
**** Revocation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Alice is up working late assembling the list when she gets a call from
|
Alyssa is up working late assembling the list when she gets a call from
|
||||||
Lem offering to help add people to the list.
|
Lem offering to help add people to the list.
|
||||||
Alice is very tired and says you know what, sure.
|
Alyssa is very tired and says you know what, sure.
|
||||||
She gives Lem the capability =<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-2>= and goes
|
She gives Lem the capability =<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-2>= and goes
|
||||||
off to bed.
|
off to bed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -1313,20 +1313,20 @@ She wakes up the next morning and the file is filled with all sorts of
|
|||||||
nonsense attendees... most of them don't even have plausible sounding
|
nonsense attendees... most of them don't even have plausible sounding
|
||||||
names!
|
names!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It's so many additions that Alice knows at least that it couldn't have
|
It's so many additions that Alyssa knows at least that it couldn't have
|
||||||
been Carol; there were far more than 3 additions to this file.
|
been Carol; there were far more than 3 additions to this file.
|
||||||
It must have been Bob or Lem.
|
It must have been Ben or Lem.
|
||||||
She calls both up in frustration.
|
She calls both up in frustration.
|
||||||
Both swear they didn't do it!
|
Both swear they didn't do it!
|
||||||
Alice decides she doesn't have patience or time for this nonsense and
|
Alyssa decides she doesn't have patience or time for this nonsense and
|
||||||
decides to cut off access before things get any worse.
|
decides to cut off access before things get any worse.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Luckily she's well equipped to do so.
|
Luckily she's well equipped to do so.
|
||||||
We left out a detail when we mentioned the previous capabilities that
|
We left out a detail when we mentioned the previous capabilities that
|
||||||
Alice handed out... each one of them has an internal switch that can
|
Alyssa handed out... each one of them has an internal switch that can
|
||||||
be flipped (or, set a flag), at which point they will refuse to
|
be flipped (or, set a flag), at which point they will refuse to
|
||||||
forward messages anymore.
|
forward messages anymore.
|
||||||
And the power to flip this switch is held by Alice and Alice alone:
|
And the power to flip this switch is held by Alyssa and Alyssa alone:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
: # aka <REVOKE-PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>,
|
: # aka <REVOKE-PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>,
|
||||||
: # has the power to set revocation flag of <PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>
|
: # has the power to set revocation flag of <PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>
|
||||||
@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ And the power to flip this switch is held by Alice and Alice alone:
|
|||||||
: # has the power to set revocation flag of <PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-2>
|
: # has the power to set revocation flag of <PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-2>
|
||||||
: https://filestore.example/obj/trOC_8Ozfe1KxR8ZC32WcF_edk6dx3826uKslKdxvNI
|
: https://filestore.example/obj/trOC_8Ozfe1KxR8ZC32WcF_edk6dx3826uKslKdxvNI
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Alice invokes both of them and poof!
|
Alyssa invokes both of them and poof!
|
||||||
The corresponding revocation flags are set.
|
The corresponding revocation flags are set.
|
||||||
=<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>= and =<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-2>=
|
=<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-1>= and =<PARTY-FILE-READ-AND-APPEND-2>=
|
||||||
now both refuse to forward messages.
|
now both refuse to forward messages.
|
||||||
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user