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<td valign="top" >"The apostle (Paul)<strong> lied </strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">[about Peter not] walking</span> uprightly...." (Jerome, quoted by Augustine 397 A.D.)</td>
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<p><a href="/home/14-audio/401-music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
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<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jwoogm-20?node=1&page=2">What Did Jesus Say?</a> (2012) - 7 topics </p>
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<p>None above affiliated with me</p> </div>
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<h1>Paul's Flawed Christology of Jesus</h1>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Introduction: Five Points That Should Make Both Trinitarians & Unitarians Aghast At Paul</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">I do not believe Paul is inspired. I wish now to prove to those who are either Trinitarian or Unitarian, that you cannot believe Paul is inspired and hold on to your beliefs. Either you must give up Trinitarianism or Unitarianism, or you must give up Paul. It is an "either/or" decision for you. While you may believe you can explain away one or two dilemmas, it is an impossible strain to explain all five points raised herein.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul represents a third view neither compatible with Trinitarianism nor Unitarianism: that Jesus was the highest created being (Col. <a href="http://bible.cc/colossians/1-15.htm">1:15</a>, ASV) who was not God (1 Corinthians <a href="http://bible.cc/1_corinthians/15-28.htm">15:27-28</a>) but had divinity abiding in Himself prior to birth. When Jesus came to earth He emptied himself of an equality with God. Phil. <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-6.htm">2:6</a>- <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a>. However, at some point that apparently was the point of crucifixion, Jesus was indwelled by the Father. Paul wrote: “God was <strong style="color: #494a44; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;"><em>in Christ</em></strong> reconciling the world to Himself.” (2 Cor. <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20cor.%205:19&version=YLT" style="color: #517291; text-decoration: underline; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">5:19</a> YLT). <em style="color: #494a44; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">See also</em> Col. 1:<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Colossians+1&version=YLT" style="color: #517291; text-decoration: underline; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">19</a> "because <strong style="color: #494a44; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;"><em>in him</em></strong> it did please all the fulness [of God] to tabernacle [<em style="color: #494a44; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">i.e.</em>, dwell]." Cf. NIV: "For God was pleased to have all his fullness dwell in him." (Col. 1:<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Colossians%201:19&version=NIV" style="color: #517291; text-decoration: underline; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 20px;">19</a>).) See also "God in Christ" in Ephesians 4.32 & 1 Thessalonians 2.14. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1">While Jesus too said the Father dwelled in Himself (John 14:10), Paul apparently intended this dwelling activity of the God of Sinai expired at the conclusion of the crucifixion. For Paul taught Jesus' death represents the "</span></span><span data-mce-mark="1">death of the husband" of Israel -- the God of Sinai -- and this effectuated the final dissolution of the Law given Moses per Paul in Romans 7:1-7. (See </span><a href="/home/1-jwo/167-romans-7-a-major-incongruity.html" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">our page on Romans 7:1-7</a><span data-mce-mark="1">). The Law supposedly does not revive when Jesus resurrects because now the Father and Jesus are distinct. Paul teaches we now marry Jesus as our new husband but Jesus no longer intends the Law continue while Jesus is also now "<em><strong>our Great God and Savior, Jesus Christ</strong></em>." (Titus <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus+2%3A13&version=NASB">2:13 ASB</a>; NIV.)</span><span data-mce-mark="1"> (This is the modern pro-Trinitarian translation using the disputed Sharpe's rule of Greek grammar. Non-trinitarian Christians as Dr. Buzzard provide a critique at this <a href="/home/9-bible/514-titus-213-a-the-granville-sharp-rule.html">link</a>. See also Burke's critique at this </span><a href="http://www.reclaimingthemind.org/blog/2010/04/the-great-trinity-debate-part-2-dave-burke-on-jesus-christ/" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">link</a><span data-mce-mark="1">. I take no position. Frankly, Titus 2:13 in the Sharpe rule translation makes Paul's Christology appear even more bizarre because of the incongruous additional pieces to his Christology.) </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Per Paul, the resurrected Jesus therefore no longer represents God-the-Father or otherwise the Law's bonds would revive, and marrying Jesus would be the same as remarrying God-the-Father, thereby reconnecting us to the Law given Moses. But instead, Paul teaches that is not the effect of marrying Jesus; instead, it represents the dissolution of the Law. Then Jesus will one day put "all things" under "God" except Jesus will not put "God Himself" under God -- these are Paul's very own words. See <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20cor.%2015:27-28&version=NIV">1 Cor. 15:27-28</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, Paul teaches someone who begins not as God, who had an equality with God, and is indwelled by the Father, ends up as "our great God" but is also not God because Jesus will put everything under God except God himself. The latter is Paul's clear teaching in <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20cor.%2015:27-28&version=NIV">I Cor 15:27-28</a>. It appears Paul believes Jesus replaces the role of God, and becomes thereby a God Himself even though Jesus did not begin as God but as a "first-born of creation." </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This is extremely convoluted reasoning.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Angel of the Lord Spoken Of In The Septuagint?</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Clearly, Paul has made a bizarre reference to Jesus as a created-being who is not God but ends up as a God who will put everything under God. How can this be resolved? The solution for some is to adopt the Septuagint mistranslation of Isaiah 9:6. We should supposedly realize Jesus was an "Angel of the Lord," and was "God" in that sense.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Thus, some evangelical Christians who are otherwise orthodox in belief actually defend that Jesus was an "Angel of the Lord" prior to His apparent transformation into God. <a href="http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/angel.html">ChristianAnswers</a>. (This is partially justified on the flawed translation in the Septuagint Greek of <strong>Isaiah 9:6</strong> where a child will be born who is “<a href="/home/16-hebrew-matthew/359-isaiah-96-what-does-it-mean.html">The Angel of Great Counsel.</a>”) But such a view is neither Trinitarian nor Unitarian. If you believe in either view as doctrinally correct, you must abandon Paul as inspired, which is my point of raising these issues this way.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Paul Does Partially Express Accurate Christology Had He Said Nothing Else</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><em>In fairness to Paul</em></strong>, sometimes Paul did speak correctly on Jesus' true relationship to God -- an indwelling by the Father -- although Paul apparently meant it first existed only at the moment of Jesus' crucifixion. This is how 1st century gnostics enamored with Paul reconciled all his passages long ago. Thus, Paul correctly wrote: “God was <strong><em>in Christ</em></strong> reconciling the world to Himself.” (2 Cor. <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20cor.%205:19&version=YLT">5:19</a> YLT). <em>See also</em> Col. 1:<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Colossians+1&version=YLT">19</a>; Ephesians 4.32 & 1 Thessalonians 2.14. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Early gnostics reconciled these accurate statements by Paul about God fully indwelling Jesus with Paul's view of <em>kenosis</em> -- the emptying of Jesus of any God-hood when a pre-existent Jesus supposedly came to earth. The gnostics did so by claiming Jesus was emptied of God until the moment of crucifixion when God supposedly first fully dwelled in Jesus. Then when Jesus died, the creator-God died, and Jesus supposedly took his place as God.</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Status of This Issue in Christendom</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Commentators know the problem, and thus never isolate Paul just to study only his views on Christ's nature. The reason why will become obvious on this page. For when you do so, then both Trinitarians and Unitarians should be shocked at Paul's views on the nature of Christ. There are five statements by Paul that are at total odds with various parts of these two leading explanations of Jesus's nature (<em>i.e.</em>, their<em> </em>Christology).</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This means Paul's views might coincide with some Unitarian beliefs and some Trinitarian beliefs. But in the end, Paul's views cannot be fully reconciled to either. Which proves Paul cannot be inspired (due to his self-contradictions), and anyone believing in either Trinitarianism or Unitarianism cannot regard Paul as fully inspired. </span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Synopsis of Detailed Discussion Below of Paul's Five Controversial Statements</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>First</strong>, Paul imagines a non-eternal nature to Jesus which should shock trinitarians. Paul says Jesus was the "First-Born of creation." (Col. <a href="http://bible.cc/colossians/1-15.htm">1:15</a>, ASV.) (Note that God says instead that His "first born" was Ephraim. Jer 31:9.) Paul at the same time says after God created Jesus that then Jesus created everything else (Col. <a href="http://bible.cc/colossians/1-16.htm">1:16</a>). This should shock both trinitarians and unitarians if everyone assumed Paul was correct in saying Jesus was non-eternal in the first place. How could a created being himself be the Creator? How could He be God? A Puzzle, to say the least. (The truth is what John explains - the Word <strong><em>in</em></strong> Jesus was God and it was the means of Creation. See our<a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/189-correct-christology.html"> link</a> on the correct Christology. See also the next point.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Second</strong>, Paul then says in Phil. <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-6.htm">2:6</a>- <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a> when Jesus' being came to earth, he divested himself of a pre-existing quality that made him have an "equality with God," which should shock trinitarians and unitarians who maintain Jesus on Earth was <strong><em>fully indwelled</em></strong> by the Word and Father (John 1:1, <a href="http://bible.cc/john/1-14.htm">14</a>; John<a href="http://bible.cc/john/14-10.htm"> 14:10</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Third</strong>, Trinitarians should be shocked that Paul clearly denies Jesus is God in 1 Corinthians <a href="http://bible.cc/1_corinthians/15-28.htm">15:27-28</a> - in particular in verse 27. First, in verse 28, we read: "And when all things shall be subdued unto him [<em>i.e.</em>, Jesus], then shall the Son also himself<strong> be <strong><em>subject unto him</em></strong> [i.e., God the Father] </strong>that put all things under him, that God may be all in all." This is in accord with 1 Cor. <a href="http://bible.cc/1_corinthians/15-24.htm">15:24</a>: "Then the end will come, when he [<em>i.e.</em>, Jesus] <strong><em>hands over the kingdom to God the Father</em></strong> after he has destroyed all dominion, authority and power." (NIV) But it is verse <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20corinthians%2015&version=NIV">27</a> which <strong><em>slams the point</em></strong> that Paul says <em><strong>Jesus is NOT God</strong></em>: "Now when it says that 'everything' has been put under him, it is clear that<strong><em> this does not include God himself</em></strong>, who put everything under Christ." (NIV) Cf. Biblos, 1 Cor. <a href="http://bible.cc/1_corinthians/15-27.htm">15:27</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For a trinitarian who accepts Paul, the trinitarian would also have to accept that Paul<strong><em> just said</em></strong> in verse 27 that Jesus is NOT presently God. For Paul said Jesus is "subject" to God the Father, but when Paul says "everything" is put under Jesus, Paul clarifies that he does not mean "God" is also "under Christ." Logically, Christ cannot be God if you trust Paul's words as INSPIRED. It is also impossible for Oneness Christians to believe Jesus is "one" in a personal indwelling sense with God when Paul talks this way.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Fourth</strong>, both trinitarians and unitarians believe Jesus had real human flesh, avoiding thereby the heresy of docetism. That heresy taught Jesus only came in the "likeness of men." In 144 A.D. Marcion -- the Paul-only advocate -- taught docetism, claiming that Jesus "<strong><em>appeared</em></strong> to be a man" but was not truly a man of human flesh and instead was God alone. This doctrine was later understood to imply that Jesus did not truly suffer on the cross. Marcion's docetism was called heresy by everyone in the earliest church (see <em><a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/56-marcionism.html">Marcionism</a></em>) prior to Roman Catholicism's adoption of docetism in the late 380s. (See <a href="/home/1-jwo/206-marcionite-influence-on-rcc.html">Marcionite Influence on RCC</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But Marcion's and the RCC's inspiration for docetism is easy to find. Paul says in Phil. <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a> Jesus only<strong><em> appeared</em></strong> in the "likeness of men." Oops! Paul errs again! And this is more serious than any of Paul's other errors about Christ's nature, as we shall see.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Finally</strong>, in Romans 7, Paul believes that when Jesus died, the husband of Israel -- the God of the Original Testament -- <em>literally</em> died. This supposedly freed God's people -- his wife -- from the Law, and thus His people were free to marry a new husband who does not require further obedience to the Law of Moses. Paul says we marry Christ in the NT, and this does not perpetuate the Law that only applied when the first husband was alive. (For full discussion, see <a href="/home/1-jwo/167-romans-7-a-major-incongruity.html">Paul in Romans 7 Claims the God of Sinai is Dead</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, this implies that when Jesus resurrected, a <em><strong>different God</strong></em> emerged or otherwise Paul's conclusion that the Law of Moses died when the husband died makes no sense if the resurrected Jesus still represented the same God as the God of the OT. Again, Paul's greatest advocate -- Marcion -- in 144 A.D. deciphered Paul to be saying a very similar thing --- there was a God of the OT (the Creator of all material forces and of flesh who died and now rules only the underworld ... Hades, over the dead made up only of Sons of Israel) and Jesus as God </span><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">for the NT (created by the Father who dwelled in Jesus, and Jesus then as God took rule over gentiles living on earth’s surface as husband to the Gentiles.) See <em><a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/56-marcionism.html">Marcionism</a></em><a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/56-marcionism.html">.</a> This explains how Paul could now assert in Titus <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Titus+2%3A13&version=NIV">2:13</a> that "our savior and great God" is Jesus Christ. Jesus was our new God on earth to replace the old husband God Yahweh </span><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">who died at the cross by dwelling in Jesus in that event, so Paul is saying in Romans 7:1-11. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul's bizarre statements in Romans 7 which Marcion no doubt relied upon are discussed at length at this separate webpage - <a href="/home/1-jwo/167-romans-7-a-major-incongruity.html">Paul in Romans 7 Claims the God of Sinai is Dead</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Let's now review the other four of these five points in more depth here below. It should demonstrate to both trinitarians and unitarians alike that they should be shocked by Paul's highly flawed Christology, and hence Paul should be regarded as a noninspired source of NT doctrine.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">1. Paul Says A Non-Eternal Being Was Creator</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul imagines a second person who had an "equality with God" prior to the Incarnation (Philippians <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-6.htm">2:6</a>, <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a>). This teaching derives from Paul conceiving of a being distinct from the Father who had an "equality with God" who then "<strong><em>empties himself</em></strong>" (KENOSIS in Greek) of divine attributes to enter this world as one who had the "appearance of men." <em>Id.</em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">However, Paul taught that this second being who pre-existed the Incarnation and became Jesus was not eternal. In <a href="http://biblehub.com/colossians/1-15.htm">Col. 1:15</a>, Paul said Jesus "is the image of the invisible God, the<em><strong> firstborn of all creation.</strong></em>" (NASB) </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In <a href="http://biblehub.com/colossians/1-16.htm">Col. 1:16</a>, Paul then says this created being of v. 15 turned around and "created all things."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In C. Anderson Scott's article "Christ, Christology" in <em>Dictionary of the Apostolic Church</em> (Ed. Hastings)(1915) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ztYMAAAAIAAJ&dq=dictionary%20of%20the%20apostolic%20church&pg=PA185#v=onepage&q&f=false">1:185</a>, Scott says Paul's words in Col. 1:15 means "He Himself [<em>i.e.</em>, Jesus] was<strong><em> part of creation</em></strong>." Indeed, this is the only conceivable understanding of Paul's words. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The one church that continues in Paul's doctrine is the Jehovah Witnesses. "<span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">They teach that the pre-existent Christ is God's First-begotten Son....They say that the Son was the Father's only direct creation, before all ages." ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father">God the Father</a>," <em>Wikipedia</em>.)</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">A. Paul's Source of A Son of God / Angel As Creator</span></strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The likely cause for Paul's belief Jesus was a creature (of an angelic level) was due to the Septuagint <strong>mistranslation</strong> of Isaiah 9:6. It reads:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For a child is born to us, and a son is given to us, whose government is upon his shoulder: and <strong><em>his name is called</em></strong> the <strong><em>Angel (Aggelos) of great counsel:</em></strong> for I will bring peace upon the princes, and health to him. (See our article "<a href="/home/16-hebrew-matthew/359-isaiah-96-what-does-it-mean.html">Isaiah 9:6: The Hebrew, DSS & Septuagint Versions</a>.")</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">And the likely cause for Paul's belief Jesus was the creator yet not God was the Septuagint <strong>mistranslation</strong> of Psalm 102:22-34 which has in Greek God saying to another God: "Thou, <strong><em>Lord, at the beginning you founded the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands</em></strong>." (Ps. 102:25 LXX/Septuagint.) In the original Hebrew, however, a human annointed one says this instead about God -- God was the Creator. See our article "<a href="/home/1-jwo/203-son-as-creator-in-epistle-to-the-hebrews.html">Begotten Son as Creator</a>."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul often relied upon erroneous renderings in the Septuagint translation from 257 BC over against the original Hebrew from ca. 1000 BC, and hence Paul's flawed Christology is partly due to this fact.</span></p>
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<h4><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #800080;">B. First Trinitarian Formula Relies On Jesus As Non-Eternal And Created Being</span></strong></span></h4>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">As a result of Paul's words, the first Trinitarian proponent structured the Trinity so that Jesus was not eternal but instead was a created being. In 205 A.D., Tertullian -- the first to explain a trinity doctrine -- saw the LOGOS/Word as an eternal quality of God which begins <strong><em>apart from Jesus</em></strong>. Relying evidently upon Paul, Tertullian then saw the Son did not exist eternally as a separate person and instead was first begotten by the Father to then accomplish the creation of the world, just as Paul said in Col. 1:15-16. Tertullian then specifically said "the son is <em><strong>not from eternity</strong></em>." (B.B. Warfield, "Historical Theology," <em>Princeton Theological Review</em> (1908) at 152.) Tertullian also wrote: "There was a time when <strong><em>neither sin existed</em></strong> with [God],<strong><em> nor the Son</em></strong>." (Tertullian, <em>Against Hermogenes</em> ch. 3; <em>Ante-Nicene Fathers</em> (2007) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ1EffC0auAC&lpg=PA477&dq=Ante-Nicene%20Fathers%20Against%20Hermogenes%202007&pg=PA478#v=onepage&q&f=false">478</a>.)(For discussion of the latter, see <em>Ante-Nicene Fathers</em> at this <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uoksAAAAYAAJ&dq=was%20a%20time%20when%20neither%20sin%20existed%20nor%20the%20Son&pg=PA629">link</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For similar reasons, in <em>Against Marcion</em>, Tertullian quotes Paul and then explains: "If Christ is the <strong><em>Creator’s </em></strong><em><strong>Son</strong></em>, it was with justice that He loved <strong><em>His own (creature)</em></strong>." (See <a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.vii.iv.html">link</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Hence, Paul's words solidified the notion that Jesus was a created being who pre-existed the creation of everything but Himself.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">2. What Significance Is It That Paul Says Jesus Was A Creator Of The Heavens/Earth?</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But do Paul's words in Col.1:15-16 mean that Jesus is God because Paul says that the created-Jesus was then the creator of the heavens and earth? <strong>No</strong>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For Paul's words in Colossians precisely match up with Paul's denial of Jesus being God in 1 Cor. 8:6. There Paul says <strong><em>only the Father is God</em></strong>, even though it then says God-the-Father and Jesus both created all things. Paul says in 1 Cor. <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%208:6&version=NIV">8:6</a> "yet for us there is <em><strong>but one God, the Fathe</strong></em><em><strong>r</strong></em>, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but <em><strong>one Lord, Jesus Christ</strong></em>, through whom all things came and through whom we live" (NIV). <em>Cf.</em> <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Timothy+2:5&version=NIV"> 1 Tim. 2:5</a> ("there is one God, and one mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus.")</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">These passages signify that Jesus could be co-creator with God-the-Father yet still there is "but <strong><em>one God, the Father</em></strong>" / "one God" which Paul clearly distinguishes from the "one Lord, Jesus Christ" / "the <strong><em>man</em></strong> Christ Jesus." Hence, Paul understood Jesus could be a creating agency yet still not be God, as Paul insists in the <strong>very same verse</strong> that there is "but <em>one God, the Father" </em>and "one God" in contradistinction to the "man Christ Jesus."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">A Trinitarian should be aghast at such statements in 1 Cor. 8:6 and 1 Tim. 2:5 from Paul. Paul clearly denies Jesus's role as creator implies Jesus is God. 'Only the Father is God,' Paul says. Jesus was distinct and the Lord. This means Paul believed despite Jesus being a creator of the heavens and world that Jesus was <strong><em>not God at that point. </em></strong> If you believe Paul is infallible (I do not), then Paul just blew a hole in the ship of Trinitarianism.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But a Unitarian cannot claim triumph. Paul claims here that Jesus is a pre-existing creator of everything, yet he himself is distinct from the "one God, the Father." However, a favorite verse of unitarians is that God in Isaiah 44:24 denies there was any distinct person with Him involved in the creation of the heavens and the earth.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">3. Paul's 'First-born' Doctrine Blocked Trinitarianism For A Long Time</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Due to the Septuagint version of Isaiah 9:6 where Messiah is an Angel of Great Counsel, and Paul's evident reliance on that in Col. 1:15, many early church leaders did not imagine Jesus could be God. In the book by Martin Werner, <em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium;"><strong>The</strong> <strong>Formation of Christian Dogma</strong> </em>(1957), Werner explains the importance placed on Isaiah 9:6 in the Septuagint translation and Paul's conception of Jesus as a created being from the angelic realm prior to incarnation. Both Isaiah 9:6 in the Septuagint mistranslation and Paul's teaching blocked any modern Trinitarian concept of Jesus being God alongside the Father:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In the Primitive Christian era there was no sign of any Trinitarian problem or controversy...The reason for this undoubtedly lay in the fact that for primitive Christianity [i.e., Pauline Christianity], Christ was a being of a high-celestial angel-world, who was <em><strong>created</strong></em> and chosen<em><strong> by God</strong></em> for the task of bringing in, at the end of the ages, of the Kingdom of God. (<em>Id.</em>, at 122, 125, quoted in Barber:<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=u5hkIwXJVxoC&lpg=PA29&dq=Primitive%20Christianity%20did%20not%20have%20an%20explicit%20doctrine%20of%20the%20Trinity%20such%20as%20was%20subsequently%20elaborated%20in%20the%20creed&pg=PA31"> 31</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">When in the 305 AD period some in the church claimed Jesus was not merely indwelled by the Father, but identical to God, Bishop Arius in 306 A.D. rejected this, citing Paul's words that Jesus was the "first begotten of creation." As William Wachtel summarizes in his article "<a href="http://focusonthekingdom.org/articles/colossians.htm">Col. 1:15 Pre-Existence or Pre-Eminence</a>," the "Arians [based upon Col. 1:15] thought <strong><em>he (Jesus) had a beginning and was the first creature whom God made</em></strong>; while the Athanasians thought he had no beginning and was himself 'co-equal, co-eternal, and consubstantial' with the Father."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Christian scholar Grudem concurs: "support for the Arian view was <em><strong>found in Colossians 1:15</strong></em>." (Wayne A. Grudem, <em>Systematic theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine</em> (Zondervan, 1994) at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DA8xl4eagDcC&lpg=PA243&dq=arius%20col.%201%3A15&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q=arius%20col.%201:15&f=false"> 243</a>.) </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Based on this, the Arians held, precisely as Paul teaches in Col. 1:15-16, that "Christ is<strong><em> a creature of the Father, though existing before the world</em></strong>," which interpretation was revived later by "Socinians, Unitarians and Rationalists." (J.P. Lange, <em>Commentary on the Holy Scriptures</em> (Scribner, 1871) Vol. 3 at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=d5lBAAAAYAAJ&dq=calvin%20christ%20inferior%20father&pg=PA447#v=onepage&q=calvin%20christ%20inferior%20father&f=false"> 447</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">While no orthodox scholar wishes to plainly say what this means, it is clear enough. Hugh Schonfield, a Nazarene Jew who believed Jesus was Messiah and who was critical of most tenets of orthodox Christianity, forcefully exploited Paul's words in Col. 1:15-16 to prove modern trinitarianism and the eternal-Son doctrine are invalidiated by Paul:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"Paul's <em><strong>Christ is not God, he is God's first creation</strong></em>, and there is<strong><em> no room for the trinitarian formula of the Athanasian Creed</em></strong> nor for its doctrine that the Son was 'not made, nor created, but begotten.'" (Schonfield, <em>Those Incredible Christians</em> (1968) at 249.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">How did the church cope with the Arian view of 306 A.D. based upon Paul's clear words in Col. 1:15 which directly justified Arius' position? We will see that the Roman church never truly addressed this, but made up a ridiculous self-contradictory new tradition of an 'eternal Son' to <em>erase the clear meaning </em>of Paul's words in Col. 1:15 but then blasted a hole in monotheism at the same time.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #800080;">A. Solution #1: 4th Century View Is To Ignore Paul and Affirm Jesus is the 'Eternal Son of God</span></strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Some in the Roman church of 306 A.D. abhorred Arius doctrine even though it stemmed directly from Col. 1:15. One of the most vigorous defenders of the Trinity doctrine -- Bishop Gregory of Nyssa in 380 A.D. -- in the <em>Great Catechism</em> explained why in his attack on Arius (<em>i.e.</em>, Paul without naming Paul) as follows:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"To believe that the Son [is a] <strong><em>created being</em></strong>...is to make man's salvation dependent on something which is imperfect and needs itself redemption." (Saint Gregory (of Nyssa), <em>The Catechetical oration of Gregory of Nyssa</em> (1903) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KqlKAAAAMAAJ&dq=gregory%20nyssa%20the%20great%20catechism&pg=PR36">xxxvi</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This concept of a non-eternal son who was also Creator of "all things" (other than himself) in Paul's mind thus led to unsolvable contradictions.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, the most common claim when the Roman church was first confronted with Paul's bizarre ideas -- later known as the Arian heresy of 306 A.D. -- was to claim this created being was the "eternal" Son of God (although Paul says not). This was accomplished by stretching the 'begetting' of Jesus as supposedly such a continual repetitive act of God in the past that it became meaningless to distinguish when it happened from eternity. Pope Alexander of Alexandria said the son exists "independently of God (the Father),<strong><em> continually begotten in a state of unbegottenness</em></strong>." (Martin Werner, <em>Formation of Christian Dogma</em> (Harper 1957) at 223.) From this self-contradictory explanation came the idea Jesus was "begotten not made" which appears in the Nicene Creed of 325 A.D. (Alexander was the leader of the opposition to the Arian heresy at the council of Nicea. See <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_of_Alexandria">Wikipedia</a></em>.) This is often called the Athanasian solution even if Athanasius was not demonstrably involved.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">(For more background on the Nicene Council, and its rulings cowardly adopting the views of the Pontifex Maximus by Roman law of all religions in the empire -- Constantine -- who changed the church's view of Jesus to match Comstantine's god -- Sol Invictus, a pagan god who was a son of a father-god -- giving paganism a Christian veneer, see our <a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/239-council-of-nicea-of-325-ad.html">webpage</a> discussion.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This first solution thus essentially ignored Paul. It found a way to stretch "first begotten" from Paul's mouth into a begottenness so many times repeated in the past that one might then say it was 'eternal.'</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But this 325 AD solution to Paul's claim that Jesus was the "first-begotten of creation" in Col. 1:15 led inexorably to the claim for the first time that Jesus was a co-substantial and co-eternal being <strong><em>separate and apart</em></strong> from the Father <strong><em>rather than a man indwelled by the Father</em></strong>. (Jesus claimed the latter. See John ch. 14.) This change blasted a hole in monotheism. As Wendt, Professor of Systematic Theology at Jena, wrote in 1907:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">When not only a heavenly personal pre-existence but an <strong><em>eternal, co-essential existence with the Father was attributed to the Son</em></strong>, the idea of the<em><strong> unity of God was lost</strong></em>. This was the important complaint of all Monarchians [<em>i.e.</em>, strict supporters of the unity of God.] (Hans Wendt, <em>System der Christlichen Lehre</em> (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1907) at 359, translated by Anthony Buzzard in <em>The Doctrine of The Trinity</em> (Oxford: International Scholars Publication, 1998) at 134.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, Paul's flawed words led to a view of Christ under the influence of a pagan ruler (Constantine) where Jesus was no longer one with the Father by an indwelling presence of the Father (John ch. 14), but instead was a distinct person who <strong><em>independently was God-the-Son apart from God-the-Father</em></strong>. In this way, the Trinity of 207 AD of Tertullian which accepted a non-eternal Son with a divine presence of the only true God -- the Father -- was materially altered in 325 AD. It was done in a manner that destroyed Monotheism.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Indeed, Gregory of Nyssa, the leader of the Council of Constantinople of 381 AD said the new version of the Trinity was specifically <strong><em>designed to prove the monotheism of Jews was a heresy</em></strong>. This was part of the Roman government's campaign to distance Christianity from Judaism. If you doubt this, take a look at<a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/189-correct-christology.html"> </a>our webpage on <a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/208-exaltation-that-turns-idolatrous.html">Exaltation that Turned Idolatrous</a> where we cite and link to the ancient records of Gregory's writings which <strong><em>expressly</em></strong> affirm the reformulated trinity doctrine of 381 AD was<strong><em> designed to refute monotheism</em></strong>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Moreover, this Athanasian solution of 325 AD also taught that the "eternal son" was given the honor of creating everything (Kinlaw, <em>Let's Start With Jesus </em>(2005)) but this ran up against Isaiah <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah%2044:24&version=NIV">44:24</a>. Whether Jesus was the "eternal son" as the Athanasians claimed or instead was the "firstborn of creation," as Paul teaches, either way this violates Isaiah 44:24. There God says no one but Himself created <strong><em>everything</em></strong>, which would rule out, by necessity, a being who himself was created per Paul -- part of "everything" that God says He created -- also being creator of all things. It also rules out an "independent" eternal son who is continually begotten in a state of unbegottenness, employed in the Nicene conception of Christ, as an "independent" creator from God the Father.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The truth was that if instead the LOGOS indwells Jesus (John 1:14, "became flesh"), as Jesus Himself says -- but the "<strong><em>Logos is not mine</em></strong> but my Father's who sent me" (John 14:24), then indeed the LOGOS that came to indwell Jesus created all things. This is because the "Logos/ Word," John tells us, "was God." (John 1:1.) Professor Hans Wendt taught<strong><em> this was the solution that reconciles all the texts</em></strong>. Loofs, citing Wendt, says this "justifies our finding<em><strong> God in Christ</strong></em> when we pray to him." (Friedrich Loofs, <em>What Is The Truth About Christ: Problems in Christology</em> (Scribner's 1913) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KoZLAAAAIAAJ&dq=wendt%20system%20der%20christlichen&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q=wendt%20system%20der%20christlichen&f=false">239</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But if Paul is correct on the "first-begotten" nature of Christ or the "eternal son" solution were correct, then the creator was not the Logos/Word but <em>a being created by God</em> which would violate Isaiah 44:24. In Isaiah 44:24 we read:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus said Jehovah, thy redeemer, And thy framer from the womb: `I [am] Jehovah, doing all things, Stretching out the heavens <strong><em>by Myself</em></strong>, Spreading out the earth -- <em><strong>who [is] with Me</strong></em>? (Isaiah <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah%2044:24&version=YLT">44:24</a>, Young's Literal)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul is thus the primary cause of all the early wreckage that has marred the true Christology taught by Jesus Himself. Paul's words in the mouth of Arius led to the bizarre counter-defense which invented the deformed 'eternal son' concept which was never spoken about in Scripture and which is wholly self-contradictory. (Only the LOGOS/Word in Jesus pre-existed and came down from heaven to mankind, indwelling Jesus. See John 1:14; John ch. 14. Hence Jesus' pre-existence is linked to the nature of the Logos dwelling in Him.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> The Nicene notion of an "eternal son" made no sense. How can a begotten son be an eternal son? The Nicene solution was the only way the church could accept Paul's notion in Col. 1:15 (Jesus was the "first begotten") and yet insist Jesus was eternal and thus approximately divine. In the end, the correct trinitarianism of Tertullian was tossed out, and a new version of trinitarianism employed after 325 AD which by 381 was deliberately reformulated to destroy monotheism, just as Gregory of Nyssa explained was his intention supervising the 381 AD Council that first adopted the Trinity. See <a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/208-exaltation-that-turns-idolatrous.html">Exaltation That Turned Idolatrous</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #800080; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>B. Solution #2 for Some Christians To Col. 1:15-16</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">How do contemporary Trinitarians solve Paul's Col. 1:15-17? Some Christians believe Jesus is an Angel equal to God. For Christians who believe this, see <a href="http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/angel.html">ChristianAnswers</a>. Specifically, to save the Trinity and accept Paul's claim that God could be less than eternal and Jesus be a created being, Christian Answers contends all is reconciled if we conclude Jesus was an "Angel of the Lord" mentioned at Gen. 18:2 and Joshua 5:13,15. <em>Id. </em> But an angel is not the same as God, and this is not a proper Trinitarian defense. Incidentally, the Septuagint translation from 257 BC of Isaiah 9:6 identifies the Messiah as an Angel of the Lord, and thus would help Christian Answers. However, this was a Septuagint mistranslation of the Hebrew into Greek. See<a href="/home/16-hebrew-matthew/359-isaiah-96-what-does-it-mean.html"> our page</a> on that issue.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #800080; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>C. Solution #3: Try To Ignore The Greek Word Means 'First-Born'</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Finally, there are Trinitarians today when faced with Col. 1:15 who are unable to stomach the Angel-solution or the self-delusion that an "eternal Son" is consistent with a "begotten" son. So they respond that<strong><em> no one can believe Paul means what he says</em></strong> in Col. 1:15. Mr. Wachtel, in the article previously cited, says: "This writer questions seriously, however, whether any such ideas were in Paul’s mind or<strong><em> in God’s inspiration through the Spirit</em></strong> upon Paul’s writing of Scripture." (Wachtel, <em>i<a href="http://focusonthekingdom.org/articles/colossians.htm">d.</a>) </em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><em></em>In this, you hear the primary reasoning: such an idea heretical to Trinitarianism cannot truly be the words of an inspired man, and thus, presupposing Paul is inspired, Paul then cannot possibly mean what (a) Tertullian, the first Trinitarian thought Paul meant in 205 A.D.; or (b) what Arius said Paul meant in 306 A.D. but was not competently refuted at Nicea in 325 A.D.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Then Mr. Wachtel hunts for wiggle room to escape Paul being a rank heretic to trinitarianians. But he admits the Greek ordinarily does mean 'first born' in the word at issue in Col. 1:15:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Let us begin by examining the word translated “firstborn”- <em>prototokos</em>. This word is used a number of times in Scripture, often to designate the child born first in a family. When Esau came to his father Isaac to receive the blessing that was due him, he pleaded the fact that he was Isaac’s firstborn — his<em> prototokos</em> (Gen. 27:32 LXX). Jacob, the second born son, had already deceived his father and received the blessing intended for Esau. The custom of conferring special privileges or a major inheritance on the firstborn son is not only seen in the Bible, but also in the later laws of “primogeniture” in England and other countries, awarding the family inheritance to the eldest son.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Mr. Wachtel makes an argument that <em>prototokos</em> has a figurative meaning "first" or "chief position." To this end he cites as proof that <em>protos</em> means first. However, he <strong><em>omits</em></strong> that <em><a href="http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/toko-">tokos</a></em> means "childbirth." Hence, to read the word <em>prototokos</em> by <strong><em>severing its prefix from its second half</em></strong> -- "childbirth" -- is <strong>clearly dilution</strong>. Then Wachtel cites two verses where <em>protokos</em> is translated as "first born" but he contends should mean "first" or "chief position" because (a) Israel (a nation which did not experience 'childbirth') is called <em>protokos</em> in Ex. 4:22 and (b) Ephraim is called <em>protokos</em> even though Manasseh is the older son. Jer. 31:9.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But neither claim has merit in context. In Ex. 4:22, we read: “This is what YHWH says: Israel is my <strong><em>firstborn son</em></strong>. . . . Let my son go, so he may worship me.” This means Israel is a figurative firstborn, but it does not mean Israel is only in "chief" position or "first" position. (In fact, if Israel is God's "firstborn son," and Paul teaches Jesus is God's "firstborn son," then we have another contradiction of Paul and an inspired prophet. Another oops!) And Manasseh sold his birthright, and hence Ephraim was now legally first-born. Thus, these examples do not help salvage Paul.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">No, the truth is Paul depicted Jesus as the "first-born of all creation," and hence <strong><em>as a non-eternal being</em></strong>. By definition, Paul's usage means Jesus could not be actually God in contravention of Trinitarian belief. Jesus would have to be another being from God -- perhaps one that God made His "equal" in God's prerogative. (Paul indeed had this view, as Phil. 2:6 and 2:7 proves. See <em>infra</em>.) This is why Paul unquestionably is the direct progenitor of Arius' similar view of 306 A.D. which was condemned ultimately by the victorious Bi-deity party of 325 A.D.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, from a 381 AD-Trinitarian perspective, <strong><em>if you are one</em></strong>, then you must reject Paul had inspiration in these remarks. However, if you are a Unitarian, you too must reject Paul as inspired as Paul imagines a non-eternal "first born" of God who was the "creator of all things" (except himself) when you believe God alone was the creator based upon Isaiah 44:24. There God says that no one but Himself created everything. (Again, because I don't believe Paul is inspired at all in any of these passages, I have no such problem.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The next verse from Paul which we discuss involves Paul again repeating Jesus is a separate but equal being from God, but this time with even stranger ideas about Jesus.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>4. Philippians Chapter Two: A Being With Equality to God Emptying Himself</strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In Philippians, Paul depicts Jesus as in heaven before incarnation and is equal to God, but then empties himself of Godhood to come to Earth in the "likeness of men." What the King James translates "made himself of no reputation" is the Greek word for "emptied." It is derived from the Greek word <em>kenosis</em>, meaning "to empty."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Many translations obscure Paul's words because they know the literal text is so problematical -- even pagan in concept. However, we must restore the original meaning for <em>kenosis</em> by a proper translation as a means of weighing Paul's validity as inspired or not. Here is the King James but with the correction of the erroneous translation placed in brackets:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">5 Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus:</span><br /><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> 6 Who, being <em><strong>in the form of God</strong></em>, thought it not robbery to be <em><strong>equal with God</strong></em>:</span><br /><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> 7 But made himself of no reputation [<em>i.e.</em>,“<em><strong>emptied” (Greek ekeno-sen) himself</strong></em>], and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the <em><strong>likeness of men</strong></em>:</span><br /><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> 8 And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.</span><br /><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> 9 Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name:</span><br /><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> 10 That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth;</span><br /><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> 11 And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Philipians ch. 2 KJV.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Even the King James Version is embarassed at what it is reading in the underlying original Greek. It tries a deliberate gloss to save our modern ears from being aware what Paul is truly saying. The KJV glosses over the true language, claiming Paul said Jesus "made himself of no reputation" -- a <em><strong>complete and utter distortion</strong></em> in place of the single word in Greek which simply means "emptied."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The Greek word <em>kenoo</em> literally means “to empty; to make empty; or to make vain or void.” Jesus did not make himself vain or void. When you compare verse 6 against verse 7, the only meaning that makes sense is he "<em><strong>emptied himself</strong></em>." Verse 6 says Jesus began as one "equal with God." Verse 7 says he ended up in the "form of a servant and made in the likeness of men." The transitional activity is the Greek verb "<em>kenoo</em>" -- and must mean "emptied himself." This accomplished the transition from one "equal with God" in heaven to one who was now made in the "likeness of men."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Calvin in the 1500s saw Paul's words exactly the same way as I read them -- as signifying a pre-existent Being who was God (or God's equal, to hew closer to Paul's words) who then "emptied himself," and changed into a servant. Calvin wrote:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In order to exhort us to submission by His example, he shows, that <em><strong>when as God </strong></em>he might have displayed to the world the brightness of His glory, <em><strong>he gave up His right</strong></em>, and voluntarily <em><strong>emptied Himself</strong></em>; that he <em><strong>assumed the form of a servant</strong></em> .... (John Calvin, <em>Institutes of the Christian Religion</em>, Book 2, Chapter 13, pt.2.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">We will now show how this contradicts the Bible's claim of the complete indwelling of Jesus by the Word and the Father. (See below <em>Analysis of Paul's Doctrine of Kenosis</em>.) Jesus was not a mere empty shell after the Word entered Him.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #800080; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>A. Analysis of Paul's Doctrine of Kenosis</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">What we explored so far about a pre-existent being emptying himself of godhood is known in theological discussions as Paul's doctrine of <em>kenosis</em>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In Greek, <em>kenos</em> means <em>empty</em>, and <em>kenosis</em> means <em>emptying</em>. Paul's words in Philippians <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a> are altered in some translations so as to obscure what he truly is saying. The NIV has Paul say Jesus "made himself nothing." But the NRSV correctly has it "he emptied himself." The correct wording was around alot longer than the modern efforts to obscure it. This doctrine in Christian theology goes back a long time, and is aptly summarized in this Wikipedia article entitled <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosis">Kenosis</a>:</em></span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The <em><strong>doctrine of Kenosis</strong></em> attempts to explain what the Son of God chose to give up in terms of his <em><strong>divine attributes</strong></em>, in order to assume human nature. Since the incarnate Jesus is simultaneously fully human and fully divine, Kenosis holds that these changes were temporarily assumed by God in his incarnation, and that when Jesus ascended back into heaven following the resurrection, he fully reassumed all of his original attributes and divinity.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This means that those literally reading Paul assume Paul referred to the Son of God in a pre-existent form distinct from God-the-Father. Yet, this Son of God was supposedly still God while distinct from God-the-Father. The Arians in 306 AD were claiming Jesus was "begotten," and thus not eternal, and hence he could not be God. To counter this, the embattled Roman Catholic church deduced Paul meant Jesus was an "<em><strong>eternal Son of God.</strong></em>" (As demonstrated above, they used the specious notion of 'continual begetting' to ignore Col. 1:15 which incongruously said Jesus was the "first born of creation" which supported Arianism.) This explains why the Athanasian Creed in the 800s required Christians to affirm Jesus was the "<em><strong>eternal</strong></em> Son of God". (<em>DCMS </em>at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MlPrYQ5srKEC&lpg=PP1&dq=did%20calvin%20murder%20servetus&pg=PA369">369</a>.) This "eternal" sonhood claim first arose in 306 A.D. to battle the Arian heresy that held Christ was not an eternal being. <em>Id</em>., at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MlPrYQ5srKEC&lpg=PP1&dq=did%20calvin%20murder%20servetus&pg=PA221">221</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Clearly, any logical analysis proves Paul conceived that prior to the Incarnation there were two beings distinct from one another. One was God and then God created a second being who was "equal to God." Paul did not expressly say Jesus was the pre-existent Son of God, but this is HOW theologians tried to identify later who Paul was describing as a pre-existent being distinct from the Father and created by the Father. It is Colossians 1:15-16 that helps confirm this interpretation.<em><strong> Paul says Jesus was God's first creation</strong></em>, and then Jesus in turn created everything else. Hence, Paul probably meant in Phil. 2:7 that Jesus was Son of God before his human birth and had an "equality with God," but then emptied himself of those attributes that made Him have an "equality with God" so as to take on the "likeness" of human flesh.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #800080; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>B. RCC Recently Confessed This Christological Error in Paul's Kenosis Doctrine</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">While we Protestants skirted the kenosis doctrine of Paul by changing the translation, Roman Catholics never did and thus had to live with it. Until 1951, it was a firm rubric of their doctrine. But in 1951, they shook off Paul by claiming the prior interpretation "of Paul" was wrong.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, the Roman Catholic Church since 1951 now affirms that John 1:1 is true, and that Paul's kenosis conception in Philippians <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a>, as previously traditionally understood, is now to be rejected as a "rash and false understanding." In other words, the RCC now realizes Paul's words contradict John 1:1, and the "Word was God...and the Word was made flesh," but they try to avoid saying Paul was wrong. Instead, those who thought Paul taught <em>kenosis</em> are supposedly now wrong in so interpreting Paul as teaching <em>kenosis</em>. (This avoids a direct attack on Paul himself.) So in 1951, Pope Pius XII wrote <em>Sempiternus Rex Christus</em> in which he said some 'misunderstand' Paul in Philippians <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a>, and we cannot allow that to destroy the message of John 1:1.</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">There is another enemy of the faith of Chalcedon, widely diffused outside the fold of the Catholic religion. This is an opinion for which a<strong><em> rashly and falsely understood sentence of St. Paul's</em></strong> Epistle to the Philippians (ii, 7), supplies a basis and a shape. This is called the <strong>kenotic doctrine</strong>, and according to it, they<em><strong> imagine that the divinity was taken away from the Word in Christ</strong></em>. It is a <strong><em>wicked invention</em></strong>, equally to be condemned with...Docetism....(Ep. xxviii, 3. PL. Liv, 763. Cf. Serm. xxiii, 2. PL. lvi, 201)(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosis">Wikipedia</a>)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But saying it is not so does not make it not so. The pope's insistence does not change the facts. Paul does mean that the "first born of creation" (Col. 1:15) who in turn created everything then "emptied himself," not counting "equality with God" to be a thing to be held onto and came to Earth (Phil.<a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-6.htm">2:6</a>, <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a>.) The pope is right that this contradicts John 1:1 and thus is a "wicked invention." But it is not the fault of those reading Paul. It is the fault of Paul himself.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Further Reading on Kenosis Doctrine</strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For more on Kenotic Christology, see <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_6Z2EsNxdPMC&dq=Aquinas+1981+Summa+Theologiae+Christian+Classics&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><em>Exploring Kenotic Christology: The Self-Emptying of God</em></a> (ed. C. Stephen Evans) (Oxford University Press, 2006). Interestingly, Ronald Feenstra's article in Evans' work exposes that Paul's kenosis doctrine led Aquinas to conclude "Man is God," because it follows from Paul's kenosis doctrine that "God is man," <em>i.e.</em>, Jesus the Man was God with no attributes of God due to an inseperable hypostatic union. <em>Id.</em>, at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_6Z2EsNxdPMC&lpg=PA145&dq=Aquinas%201981%20Summa%20Theologiae%20Christian%20Classics&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q=Aquinas%201981%20Summa%20Theologiae%20Christian%20Classics&f=false">145</a> (citing <em>Summa Theologiae</em>, IIIa 16.2.) Later astute atheists in the Enlightenment exploited Aquinas' dictum "Man is God," and tried to start a humanist religion on that premise. See <em>Appendices de la Seconde Edition de l'Esprit des Religions</em> (Cercle Social 1792) at 97 (says "Man is all" and "Man is God" -- the latter words lifted directly from Aquinas.) Needless to say, such a logical deduction proves the terrible danger of taking Paul as an inspired voice.</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">5. Another Dilemma For Trinitarians and Oneness Christians: 1 Cor. 15:28</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Jason Dulle, a oneness Pentecostal, in "<a href="http://www.onenesspentecostal.com/bodiesheaven.htm">Heavenly or Earthly Bodies</a>" (accessed 7/11/2010) writes:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The exact meaning of <em><strong>I Corinthians 15:28</strong></em> which speaks of a time when the Son is subject to the Father so that God may be all in all is a very tough verse indeed; a verse which is <strong><em>difficult for both Trinitarian and Oneness theology alike</em></strong>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">If you are a oneness / unitarian Christian or trinitarian and believe Paul is inspired, this is another verse that will throw you for a loop. You would have to face the fact that Paul says that despite the Ascension Jesus remains in an inferior position to God the Father forever, and Paul expressly says "God" is <em><strong>not subject </strong></em>to Jesus, clearly signifying that Paul did not regard Jesus as God. Trinitarians' beliefs are smashed by Paul. Likewise, for oneness parties, God therefore could not fully indwell Jesus and be "one" with Him if an<em><strong> inequality persists</strong></em> even now in heaven.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul says in 1 Corinthians 15:28: "And when all things shall be subdued unto him [<em>i.e.</em>, Jesus], then shall the Son also himself<strong><em> be subject unto him [i.e., God the Father] </em></strong>that put all things under him, that God may be all in all." This is in accord with 1 Cor. 15:24: "Then the end will come, when he [<em>i.e.</em>, Jesus] hands over the kingdom to God the Father after he has destroyed all dominion, authority and power." (NIV) And verse 28 is led into by this clarifying verse: "Now when it says that "everything" has been put under him, it is clear that this <strong><em>does not include God himself</em></strong>, who put everything under Christ." (1 Cor. <a href="http://biblos.com/1_corinthians/15-27.htm">15:27</a>.)</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #800080;">a) First, Paul Says The Ascended Jesus Is Not God</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, for a trinitarian who accepts Paul, Paul just said Jesus is NOT God. For Paul said Jesus is "subject" to God the Father, but when Paul says "everything" is put under Jesus, Paul clarifies that he does not mean "God" is also "under Christ." Paul's precise words were "this does<strong><em> not include God himself</em></strong> who put everything under Christ." Then in verse 28 Paul clearly says, in effect, Jesus will never resume an equality with God after the Ascension although when Jesus supposedly left heaven, Jesus had it. Jesus will be forever the Son subject to God the Father in heaven.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Highly authoritative mainstream Protestant sources have faced up to 1 Cor. 15:28. They have seen Paul's implication is necessarily that Jesus is not God and these same authoritative sources clearly imply Paul's lessons prove trinitarianism is false.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">James D.G. Dunn says this. He is without question one of the most significant New Testament scholars of the last 50 years. In 2010, Dunn says 1 Cor. 15:24-28 proves Paul did not view Jesus as God. Dunn explains that in 1 Corinthians 15:24-28 Paul is particularly clear that "the <em>kyrios</em> title [rendered as 'Lord'] is not so much a way of <em>identifying</em> Jesus with God, but as a way of <em>distinguishing</em> Jesus from God." (Dunn, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Did-First-Christians-Worship-Jesus/dp/0664231969?ie=UTF8&tag=jamefmcgrshom-20&link_code=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969" target="_blank"><em>Did the First Christians Worship Jesus?: The New Testament Evidence</em></a><img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=jamefmcgrshom-20&l=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=0664231969" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="display: none !important;" border="0" /> (SPCK/Westminster John Knox, 2010) at <a href="http://exploringourmatrix.blogspot.com/2010/06/james-d-g-dunn-did-first-christians.html">110</a>); James Dunn, <em>Unity and Diversity</em> (SCM Press, 1990) at 53 (same words).</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Similarly, Colin Brown, DD, University of Nottingham; PhD, University of Bristol and Professor of Systematic Theology at Fuller Theological Seminary, edited a translation of the classic Protestant text abbreviated as DNTT. Zondervan markets it currently under the title <em>The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology</em> (Colin Brown, ed.)(Paternoster Press, 1976) (first released 1932). This famous and highly <a href="http://www.amazon.com/New-International-Dictionary-Testament-Theology/dp/085364425X">authoritative</a> text comments on the meaning of 1 Cor. 15:28, saying -- as clear as can be tolerated by the Trinitarian mainstream -- that the Trinity doctrine of 381 AD is contradicted by Paul:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Jesus Christ does <strong><em>not usurp the place of God</em></strong>. His oneness with the Father does <strong><em>not mean absolute identity</em></strong>. After his completion of his work on earth he has indeed been raised to the right hand of God and invested with the honor of the heavenly Lord. But <strong><em>he is still not made equal to God</em></strong>. Although completely coordinated with God, he <strong><em>remains subordinate to Him</em></strong> (cf. <strong><em>1 Cor. 15:28</em></strong>.). <em>Id.</em>, Vol. 2 at 80. [See <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KYktt_ZiTGcC&lpg=PA340&dq=Although%20completely%20coordinated%20with%20God%2C%20he%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20Him&pg=PA339">paraphrasing in this source </a>.]</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This classic Protestant treatise, while not expressly disavowing the Trinity (as explained in 381 AD), then comments on the historical short-comings of the 381 AD-Trinity doctrine: "Primitive Christianity did<strong><em> not have an explicit doctrine of the Trinity</em></strong> such as was subsequently elaborated in the creeds." In other words, Paul did not share a Trinitarian conception as later arose.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Obviously, the DNTT realized that Paul's views in 1 Cor. 15:28 were at odds with the later Trinity doctrine, thus suggesting that to those who accept Paul as inspired, the Trinity doctrine must be regarded as an unwarranted later claim.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">So there you have it -- the famous DNTT based upon Paul says Jesus does not have an "absolute identity" with God, and is "not made equal to God" and "remains subordinated" to God. But Trinitarians of the 381 AD mold insist "He was in the form of God and <strong><em>equal to God</em></strong>." (Christopher Wordsworth <em>The New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ</em> (1859) Volume 3 at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JeIPAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jesus%20Christ%20does%20not%20usurp%20the%20place%20of%20God.&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q=Jesus%20Christ%20does%20not%20usurp%20the%20place%20of%20God.&f=false">341</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Who is right, Trinity doctrine from 381 AD or Paul in 1 Cor. 15:28 (or some other view)?</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #800080;">b) Paul Also Says The Ascended Jesus Is Subordinate To God, Not An Equal</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Similarly, Paul also violates the Trinitarian doctrine of 381 AD that says Jesus in heaven is equal to God, and not subordinate. (Kevin Giles, <em>Jesus and the Father: modern evangelicals reinvent the doctrine of the Trinity</em> (2006) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ACwJIt_bpn4C&lpg=PA159&dq=calvin%20christ%20inferior%20father&pg=PA160">160</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For Paul instead clearly says in the end God will "subject" Jesus to God Himself, and if we are subject to Jesus, then God will thereby have put all things under Himself though Jesus. Paul in 1 Corinthians 15:28 then clearly says Jesus is eternally subordinate to the Father: "And when all things shall be subdued unto him [<em>i.e.</em>, Jesus], then shall the Son<strong><em> also himself</em></strong><strong><strong><em> be subject unto him</em></strong> [i.e., God the Father] </strong>that put all things under him, that God may be all in all."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Calvin who otherwise tried to say Jesus and the Father are equal in heaven (Giles, <em>id</em>. at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ACwJIt_bpn4C&lpg=PA159&dq=calvin%20christ%20inferior%20father&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q=calvin%20christ%20inferior%20father&f=false">164</a>) admitted Paul's words clearly speak otherwise in 1 Corinthians 15 as the final eternal state of the Kingdom. Calvin wrote: "the Father has given all things into the hands of his Son in such a way to <strong><em>retain the principal right</em></strong> in his own hands." When the end comes, and Jesus has "subjected all things to himself, then shall the Son<strong><em> subject himself to the Father</em></strong>." (Calvin, <em>Bible Commentaries, Corinthians</em> (1847) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rOf9Y7HMnYUC&lpg=PA17&dq=calvin%20christ%20inferior%20father&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false">20</a>.) Jesus will act as the Father's "Vice-regent." (<em>Id.</em>, at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rOf9Y7HMnYUC&lpg=PA17&dq=calvin%20christ%20inferior%20father&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">21</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But in the <em>Institutes</em>, Calvin clearly says the very same teaching he found in Paul (without mentioning Paul) of a<strong><em> begotten</em></strong> divine essence in Jesus would be a "detestable figment," as though the Father were the "author of the Deity of the Son." Calvin then states: "If they admit that the Son is God, but<em> </em><strong><em>inferior </em></strong><strong><em>to the </em></strong><strong><em>Father</em></strong>, then in him the essence must be begotten and created, which in the Father is unbegotten and uncreated." — John Calvin : <em>Institutes of the Christian Religion, </em>book i. chap. xiii. 23, 24. In other words, if Jesus were truly begotten by God rather than an eternal Son (as Calvin contended in his battle with Servetus) and Jesus were truly inferior to God, then Jesus could not be God because God is unbegotten and uncreated and cannot be inferior to himself if He is one.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Hence, Calvin said if Jesus is truly inferior to the Father and begotten, Jesus cannot be God.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Yet, didn't Calvin say Paul spoke this way about Jesus Christ in 1 Cor. 15:27-28 in the quote we gave above from Calvin's commentary on Corinthians? Where the Father retains His "principal right" and makes Jesus "subject" to the Father forever? Of course, that is precisely what Calvin saw in 1 Cor. 15:28 but in the <em>Institutes</em> Calvin admits this view (which we proved Calvin said belongs to Paul) is a contradiction of an equality of Deity between the Son and Father.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">So we must ask: where is the supposed equality and non-subordination and consequent divinity of Christ in standard Trinitarian beliefs (from 381 AD) if you regard Paul as inspired? Paul completely controverts standard Trinitarian doctrine.</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #800080;">c) Coping Mechanisms With Paul's Heresy From These Standard Views</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">How can any of these two beliefs -- Trinitarianism of the 381 AD mold and Oneness-Unitarianism -- survive the words of Paul in 1 Cor. 15? I don't know but I do not take Paul as inspired in any of this, so <strong><em>I have no such problem</em></strong>! I trust whatever Jesus said about His nature, and I rely upon no one else's opinion. (On what Jesus says about His divine nature, see this <a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/189-correct-christology.html">link</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The only way to cope that traditional Trinitarians have tried is to engage in obscuring the problem of Paul. They do this by distancing Paul as the source of any problem. For example Douglas Webster in <em>A Passion for Christ: An Evangelical Christology</em> (Regent College, 2001) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oJPzFFtYZ2gC&lpg=PA84&dq=arius%20col.%201%3A15&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q=arius%20col.%201:15&f=false">84</a> says of Bishop Arius of 306 A.D.:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">His teaching [that the Son was ontologically inferior to the Father] was a product of Greek rationalism, combined with the teachings of Origen.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">No, that is false. Arius cited directly the words of Paul in 1 Cor. 15:27-28 and Col. 1:15 which says precisely this. Webster is deluding himself to avoid the fact that Paul is Arius's source and is properly being read by Arius. The fact Origen read Paul the same way does not make Origen the source of the idea.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Others simply affirm a self-contradiction, and pretend there is not one. The <em>New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge</em> says: "The subordination of the Son...to the Father is a voluntary though evidently permanent relationship that <strong><em>does not detract or deny the equal deity of the Son</em></strong>...."<em> </em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But saying it is so does not make it so. As Calvin said, if God has two modes of being, they<strong><em> cannot be unequal to each other</em></strong>; one cannot be superior to the other because they are the same. To accept subordination of Jesus to God, as Paul expresses the relationship (not Jesus to the Father), destroys any notion of Jesus' deity as Trinitarianism asserts.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">To repeat, the better solution for a Trinitarian is my solution. Stop viewing Paul as inspired. Then look for what Jesus says about Himself to properly understand Jesus's Divinity. (On my view of a correct Christology, see this<a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/189-correct-christology.html"> link</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">6. Docetic Aspect of Paul's Statement in Philippians 2:7</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Paul in <a href="http://biblehub.com/text/philippians/2-7.htm">Philippians 2:7</a> says Jesus was "made in the <em><strong>likeness of men</strong></em>" (homoiomati anthropon). This is similar to Paul's statement in <a href="http://biblehub.com/text/romans/8-3.htm">Romans 8:3</a> that Jesus was "sent in the <em><strong>likeness of the flesh</strong></em> of sin" (homoiomati sarkos hamartias). Yet, Philippians 2:7 is more blunt that Jesus was made to look like men, clearly implying Jesus was not a true man. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">While Romans 8:3 is a problem for Paul defenders, some claim Paul is not denying Jesus had true human flesh like you and me. However, those arguments dissipate when Philippians 2:7 is examined; it is too blunt, and cannot be similarly explained away. In Philippians, Paul does not say Jesus had human flesh; Paul says only that Jesus appeared that way. MacFarland amplifies this, commenting on the passage: "However, it is important to note that Jesus 'was made' in the<em><strong> likeness of men</strong></em>; the LORD God actively made Jesus to<em><strong> resemble human beings</strong></em>." (MacFarland, <a href="http://www.guidedbiblestudies.com/applications/50_002.html">Becker Bible Studies Application</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Why is a comment on this part of Philippians <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a> so important? Because this is another incongruous Christological statement by Paul. John is clear that the "Word <em><strong>became flesh</strong>;</em>." Jesus was fully human, and did <em><strong>not merely appear</strong></em> to have human flesh as Paul states. But Paul confirms again he does not believe Jesus was a true human being in <a href="http://biblehub.com/kjv/galatians/1.htm">Galatians 1:1</a>, saying “Paul, an apostle, not through men, neither by man, <strong>but by Jesus Christ,</strong> and God the Father....”</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In sum, Paul has a view of Jesus's pre-existent "equality with God" which Jesus gave up to come to Earth and while here, Paul says Jesus only appeared to be human because Paul believes Jesus was a pre-existent being equal to God who now existed without Godhood on Earth but did not become a man...He just had the appearance of being a human / man. </span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #800080;">A. Danger of Docetism</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Why is docetism so dangerous? Because it undermines the gospel. The truth is Jesus had no special flesh that prevented him from sinning or suffering. Jesus could "feel our infirmities" and thus was "tempted in the same way we are." (Hebrews 4:15.) (Barnabas is the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews. See this <a href="/home/9-bible/272-authorship-of-hebrews.html">link</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Jesus thus had to resist sin the same way we all have to, including the temptation not to go to the Cross. His advantage was He had the <em><strong>Word indwelling Him which gave Him perfect knowledge how to avoid sin</strong></em>. Thus Jesus's triumph over sin is an example that encourages us to follow if we can incorporate the Word Jesus shared with us, and we abide in Jesus as He abided in the Father. (John ch. 14.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">To say Jesus only appeared to have human flesh undermines the importance of making Jesus's words "abiding in us and we abide in" Jesus (John 14). This abiding is one key to us replicating Jesus' righteous behavior. We are supposed to follow His example of righteousness by His having the Word in himself. By our adopting Jesus's teachings (which came from the unique Word's presence in Him), then this gives us the "power" to "become sons of God" (John ch. 1). The notion that Jesus passed all tests because <em><strong>He had a flesh that could not be tempted or suffer is what docetism fosters, and makes it so inimical to accepting the true principles of salvation</strong></em>. Actual righteousness is not just for Jesus, as so many Christians believe today.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The great harm from Paul's ideas first manifested itself in the 300s and beyond. They developed clearly docetic views of Jesus' flesh, <span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><em>i.e.</em>, its mere appearance of looking human but not truly being human</span>. Jerome from the 400s commented on Matthew 26 that it was ridiculous to think Jesus "was afraid of death" or "spoke in terror about the passion" (Jerome, <em>In Matthaeum</em> Bk. IV ch. 26:39.) Likewise, Hilary in <em>On The Trinity</em> (386 AD) said "<strong><em>No more in the passion did the flesh of Christ feel pain </em></strong>than if you were to wound fire or water with a sword." (Hilary, <em>De Trinitate</em> Bk. 9: 56 and Bk. 10:23.) This creates a false sense that Jesus never had a hard time resisting sin, or was never concerned about the pain of the Cross. Without Paul weighing us in the opposite direction that Jesus merely had the "likeness of men," the Gospels are clear that the contrary is true. The Word was "made flesh." (John 1:14.) Sweet and simple.</span></p>
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<h1><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Freightening Summary Of What Paul Taught</strong></span></h1>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In sum, Paul gave us a conception of two beings in Heaven before Christ came --- one was God and the other had an "equality with God." Paul says Jesus had an "equality with God" but himself was created by God as the "<strong><em>first born</em></strong> of creation." (Col. 1:15.) This non-eternal Son while "equal to God" (although not eternal) supposedly also was the creator of everything else. (Col. 1:16.) Hence, a non-eternal being, as Paul depicts Christ, was the Creator of the heavens and earth including Man. After doing so, this Son then emptied himself of godhood, and supposedly came to Earth in the "likeness of men." (Phil.<a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">According to Paul, the emptied shallowed-out previously equal-to-God Son --- Jesus --- only became equal to the God-of-Sinai again at some point prior to His death. His death then symbolized the death of the husband to Israel (<em>i.e.</em>, Yahweh), thus dissolving the Law between the husband-God and his wife. (Romans 7:1-7.) Then when Jesus resurrected, Jesus was a different husband than the husband-God at Sinai (<em>i.e.</em>, Yahweh) and no longer required obedience to the Law given Moses. (See Romans 7, discussed at this <a href="/home/1-jwo/167-romans-7-a-major-incongruity.html">link</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Was Marcion so wrong to infer from Paul that the resurrected Jesus represented a new loving God-the-Father of the NT who Paul says created humanity in place of Yahweh who only was the creator of Jesus -- Yahweh being </span><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">supposedly dismissable as a uniquely harsh and arbitrary God of the OT who died at the cross in Jesus' body and now reigns in Hades -- Hell -- over only the OT saints? (For more on Marcionism, see our<a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/56-marcionism.html"> webpage</a> on that movement.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Further, Paul's ideas that Jesus only came in the appearance of men in Phil. <a href="http://bible.cc/philippians/2-7.htm">2:7 </a>spawned Marcion in 144 A.D. to teach docetism. Apostle John in the Epistle of 2nd John condemned docetism as from the anti-Christ (<em>i.e.</em>, Satan, in my view).</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"Many deceivers, who do <em><strong>not acknowledge Jesus Christ as coming in human flesh</strong> </em>[Greek, <em>sarx</em>, human flesh], have gone out into the world. Any such person is the deceiver and the antichrist." (2 John 1:7.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Hence, Paul's teachings that Jesus only came in the "likeness of men" and not true flesh spawned the most dangerous doctrines in the church.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The End</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Email Comments</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"I found your article about Paul to be very interesting and thought-provoking." (May 24, 2011, Sea Hawk Fan.)</span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Study Notes</span></strong></span></h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">A. Buzzard, <em>The Doctrine of the Trinity</em> (1998) has several comments that prove a unitarian has hard-going due to Paul's words at odds with monotheism, properly understood as a single-creator. I have a <a href="/home/1-jwo/430-buzzard-on-paul-over-christology.html">webpage</a> where I collect his struggling comments. This minister essentially comes down to the view that Jesus' words have a priority over the 'difficult-to-understand'' and thereby seemingly 'self-contradictory' Christological views one finds in Paul's letters. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Servetus (a modern individual) has an article entitled the "Christology of Paul" which is interesting. See this link: <a href="http://servetustheevangelical.com/doc/What_Was_the_Paul's_Christology.pdf">http://servetustheevangelical.com/doc/What_Was_the_Paul's_Christology.pdf</a></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The <em>Jewish Encyclopedia</em>'s article on Paul criticizes Paul's Christology because it goes beyond what Jesus says -- which "Judeao-Christians" can accept -- namely Jesus atoned for sin. Paul goes further, and says Jesus was the "world's artificer," taking from God an attribute monotheism gives only to God. And then says Paul interjects the pagan concepts of a divinity emptying itself to become earthbound and die for its creation to reconcile it to himself. For further discussion, see our Page "<a href="/home/1-jwo/415-jewish-view-of-pauls-doctrine.html">Jewish View of Paul</a>."</span></p>
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<h1><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Does Paul Call Jesus God in Titus 2:13?</span></strong></span></h1>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The NIV translates <a href="http://www.biblicalunitarian.com/verses/titus-2-13">Titus 2:13</a> as:</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">While we wait for the blessed hope—the glorious appearing of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ. (NIV)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This is troubling for Unitarians. Again, I have no such problems because Paul is not the arbiter of Christ's nature. Jesus is, and Jesus never says this.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Most other translations than the NIV and KJV render this verse differently, which is important for Unitarians to rely upon to explain away Paul's statement:</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">“…looking for the blessed hope and the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Christ Jesus.” (NASB)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The article "Titus 2:13" in Biblical Unitarianism offers grammatical possibilities that Paul really means to say when Jesus returns, we will see the "glory" of God and of our savior, Jesus Christ, wherein the former - "glory of God" -- Jesus in Matt 16:7 Jesus equates with the "Glory of the Father," that is, the Son of Man comes "with the glory of the Father." </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">While this is perfectly sensible, one can see the counter-argument based upon Titus 2:13. To which I say, how does the Pauline Trinitarian explain Titus 2:13 in light of Colossians 1:15-17 where Jesus is created by someone other than Himself? How can "God" be created by another God, and there not be more than one God? If Jesus is truly equated with God in Titus 2:13, then how do Pauline Trinitarians explain Paul says that all things will be put under Christ by God, and all things be subject to Jesus except "God"? For if Jesus is God, how can God put all things under God (Jesus) with the exception that God will not put Himself under Jesus? Would God speak of His relationship to Himself in this incongruous way? </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Obviously, the Unitarian explanation of Titus 2:13 is the only one that fits. (I take no position on this). It alone removes such incongruities. But then these incongruities still destroy unitarianism and trinitarianism. Only Jesus' teaching that that Father indwells Himself resolves all controversies raised by Paul's incoherent and self-contradictory expressions.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> <strong style="font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Jehovah Witnesses Share Paul's Flawed Christology</span></strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In an article entitled "<a href="http://www.bible.ca/su-deity-christ.htm">Deity of Jesus</a>" Christ, we read of the Jehovah Witnesses:</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">They teach that Jesus was<em><strong> created by God just prior to creation</strong></em>. Jesus then created everything else. (Col 1:16,17 NWT inserts "other" before "things" to make the text read, "By Him all OTHER things were created". The word "other" inserted throughout the text is not in the original Greek.) Jesus is not considered to be equal to God at all but a lesser being. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The fact the JW insert "other" does not change the fact Paul indeed says Jesus was created by God, and then Jesus created "all things" -- obviously other than himself. (Col. 1:16-17.) Thus, "other" is implied in the original words of Paul. And this is flawed because God in Isaiah says He created all things, and God was an eternal being, not a created one. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: large; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">And this article said the Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus is not equal to God. This too is Paul's claim. However, Jesus says He was indwelled by the Father, and thus in that sense, the Divinity in Him was equal to God for it was God Himself abiding in Jesus, just like God did so at the Temple at Jerusalem. Hence, the Jehovah Witnesses have adopted two of the five flawed ideas of Paul listed in the main article above.</span></p>
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<td valign="top" ><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"I must approach this inquiry with uneasiness when I find [Paul] affirmed to be an apostle of whom in the list of apostles in the gospel I find no trace." (Tertullian)</span></td>
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<h3>Recommendations</h3>
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||||
<p><a href="/home/14-audio/401-music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
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<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jwoogm-20?node=1&page=2">What Did Jesus Say?</a> (2012) - 7 topics </p>
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<h1><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>Should We Restore The Divine Name To More Common Use?</strong></span></h1>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #3366ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">James Dunn, a highly respected Christian scholar, in </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><em>Jesus Remembered</em> (Eerdman's 2003) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&lpg=PA546&dq=yahweh%20priority%20Jesus%20idolatrous&pg=PA546#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="color: #517291; text-decoration: underline; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;">546</a> says one thing stands out in the Lord's "Our Father" prayer:</span></span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"According to this prayer, the first priority for Jesus' followers is that <strong><em>God's name be sanctified</em></strong>...."</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">However, then Dunn adds: "<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In the Hebrew Bible,...the name </span><em style="color: #494a44; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21px;">shem</em><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"> (name) of Yahweh ...may be used as an alternate name of Yahweh himself." Really? We can substitute "the name" for Yahweh? Why?</span></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Dunn means that in writing, the scribes replaced Yahweh with Shem ("The Name") (or Adonai, "Lord"), but Yahweh was there originally. Dunn blesses this <strong>translation suppression</strong> of Yahweh's name, as we shall explore here. However, Dunn's notion that dominates all translations is contrary to the Bible instructions to teach God's name. It takes the duty to honor God's name too far.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Jesus' mentioning the importance of keeping the memory of God's true name holy (but not as a secret or never used) derives from first of the Ten Commandments to have no other god before Yahweh:</span></p>
|
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"Heading the list of the ten commandments is the command to make Yahweh <em><strong>the top priority</strong></em>....This is the command about priorities, and its place in the list resonates with the rest of scripture, where idolatry is the number one sin." (Anne Robertson, <em>God's Top 10: Blowing the Lid Off the Commandments</em> (Church Publishing, 2006) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=udR3YK-SLsQC&lpg=PT18&dq=yahweh%20priority%20Jesus%20idolatrous&pg=PT18#v=onepage&q&f=false">1</a>.)</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Robertson makes an excellent point about how easily one can be misled by good things, and giving </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">them a priority over God. This applies to using substitute names for Yahweh such as "The Name," or "Lord" or "Adonai." There is nothing inherently evil in these substitutes, but it takes away the honor owed Yahweh, and the reverence and memory of His name. Now Yahweh's name is virtually forgotten or unknown in any modern church. It is often never uttered at mainline churches. Robertson explains:</span></span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"The things that become idols most easily are not, in and of themselves, bad things. The danger of Christian idolatry isn't a tendency to put bad things before God. The danger is taking good, wonderful God-given or God-created things and giving them a greater importance than God [Yahweh]." <em>Id.</em>, at 1-2.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">More similar discussion of this topic can be found at: <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=james+2%3A13&version=KJV">The Divine Name & NT.</a></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://carriertom.typepad.com/sheep_and_goats/2009/12/the-divine-name-and-the-new-testament.html"><span style="font-size: 14pt; background-color: transparent; color: #000000;"></span></a></span></span></p>
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Yet, consider that according to Charles Ryrie, author of Ryrie Study Bible,<strong><em> Yahweh’s Name appears in Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament exactly 6,823 time</em></strong>. <em>See</em>, Ryrie, Charles. <em>Ryrie Study Bible Expanded Edition</em> (Moody, 1995) at 6.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Despite this amazing fact, the name “Yahweh” <strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">doesn’t appear even once in the text of the three most popular Bible English translations of the Original Testament on the market today</span></strong>. Thus, the King James Bible, the New American Standard Bible, and the New International Version <em><strong>do not have God’s Name ever disclosed and clearly identified</strong></em>.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Biblical scholars have failed sadly to make better known that these texts' omission is explained by mimicking the unbiblical use of "Shem" (NAME) or the substitution of ADONAI (LORD) by Jewish copyists beginning in the 300s to the present. This has led to our ignorance of God's true name of "Yahweh." in the NT era. Thereby, Christians have forgotten the name Jesus was elevating -- YAHWEH.</span></p>
|
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The 1901 American Standard Version Bible boldly stood for another path - now long forgotten and trampled upon. But the reasoning was sound. The translators announced they would restore the name of God where it appears in the Original Hebrew Bible:</span></p>
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">[They] were brought to the unanimous conviction that <em><strong>a Jewish superstition</strong></em>, which regarded the Divine Name as too sacred to be uttered, ought no longer to dominate in the English or any other version of the Old Testament . . . This Memorial Name, explained in Exodus 3:14, 15, and emphasized as such over and over in the original text of the Old Testament, designates God as the personal God, as the covenant God, the God of revelation, the Deliverer, the Friend of his people . . . This personal name, with its wealth of sacred associations, is<em><strong> now restored to the place in the sacred text to which it has an unquestionable claim</strong></em>. (<a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bible/asv.ii.html">Preface to the ASV, 1901</a>.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Alas, the good reasoning of these translators fell on deaf ears. Almost no translation today includes God's name despite its clear presence in the Hebrew text - except the public domain World English Bible Version (Yahweh) and Young's Literal (Jehovah).</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">How did this still prevalent error to suppress Yahweh's name come about? </span></p>
|
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Jewish copyists from the late 100s AD forward were generally fearful to write YAHWEH down. By the 2d-3d century AD, this fear against writing the name Yahweh at all caused the adoption among Jews that they should not speak out loud the name of God -- Yahweh, although writing the name was not flatly prohibited. As Wikipedia explains, at first the name could be written but not spoken:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced. ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah">Jehovah"</a>)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Later, it came to be believed writing down YAHWEH could lead one to also speak the name, and this was disapproved of. Hence, in the 3d-4th century, Jewish and also Christian scribes began eliminating the name of Yahweh from texts that once had the name present. This has spiritual repurcussions. God tied His promises, His covenant, His Law, and salvation to His Name. Moreover, He commanded us to know His Name, to seek His Name, to bless His Name, and to share His Name with everyone.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">For discussion on this, see PDF by Neil Snyder, <a href="http://www.hisnameisyahweh.org/His%20Name%20is%20Yahweh.pdf">His Name is Yahweh</a>.<a href="http://www.hisnameisyahweh.org/His%20Name%20is%20Yahweh.pdf"><br /></a></span></p>
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<h1><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Pronunciation</span></h1>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Most Bible scholars and Hebrew linguists believe that “Yahweh” is the correct way to pronounce God’s Name. The Y-a-h in His Name sounds like “Yah,” and the w-e-h in His Name sounds like “way.” That said, considerable debate persists about whether to enunciate the second syllable in God’s Name with a “v” sound or with a “w” sound, but compelling evidence proves that the “w” sound is correct. See <em>Encyclopedia Judaica, The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, Unger’s Bible Dictionary, The Jewish Encyclopedia</em> (Volume 12), the<em> Encarta Encyclopedia</em>, or Clover, R. <em>The Sacred Name</em> Volume I (Third Edition, Qadesh La Yahweh Press, Garden Grove, California, 2002) chapter 9.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">For more discussion on the correct pronunciation, see this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton#Pronunciation:_the_question_of_which_vowels">Wikipedia article</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The <em>Encyclopedia Brittanica </em>gives a detailed explanation as follows:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The early Christian scholars who inquired what was the true name of [God] had therefore no great difficulty getting the information they sought. Clement of Alexandria (died circa 212) says that it was pronounced<strong><em> iaove</em></strong>.” [In Greek, the V shaped letter sounded as a U sound, and was known as <em>upsilon</em>.] Epiphanius (died 404 AD) who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable part of his life there gives<strong><em> IABE</em></strong> (one codice <strong><em>IAVE</em></strong>). [B = Beta in Greek, and also had a<em> v</em> sound.] Theodoret (died circa 457 AD) born in Antioch writers that the Samaritans pronounced the name <strong><em>IaBe</em></strong> (in another passage <em><strong>IABAU</strong></em>)...[B = Beta in Greek.] This direct testimony is supplemented by the magical texts in which IaBe as well as<em><strong> IaBa</strong></em>, occurs frequently. In an Ethiopic list of magical names of Jesus, purporting to have been taught by him to his disciples, <strong><em>YAWE</em></strong> is found. Finally there is evidence from more than one source that the modern Samaritan priests pronounce the name <strong><em>YAHWEH</em></strong> or <em><strong>YAHWA</strong></em>. There is <em><strong>no reason to impugn the soundness of this substantially consistent testimony to the pronunciation of Yahweh or Jahveh, coming as it does through several independent channels</strong></em>....Recent scholars, accordingly, with few exceptions, are agreed that the ancient pronunciation of the name was Yahweh (the first H sounded at the end of the syllable.” (“<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HlQEAAAAYAAJ&dq=Iaoue&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q=Iaoue&f=false">Jehova</a>,” <em>Encylopedia Brittanica</em> (1911) Vol. 15 at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HlQEAAAAYAAJ&dq=Iaoue&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q=Iaoue&f=false">312</a>.) See likewise <em>New American Encyclopedia</em> (Dodd, Mead and company, 1918) Vol 12 at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KWsNAQAAMAAJ&dq=Iaoue&pg=PA625#v=onepage&q=Iaoue&f=false"> 625</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Thus, it appears in transliterated English, it is YAHWEH.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">One of the most detailed explanations to support Yahweh (where "w" is sounded as "oo") is the correct pronunciation is "Is The Correct Pronunciation Known," ch. XI, <a href="http://www.yahweh.org/publications/sny/sn09Chap.pdf">pp. 104-14</a> in PDF from <a href="http://www.yahweh.org/PDF_index1.html">The Sacred Name</a> (Yahweh Press). See page 114 of the same.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Further background is provided in Wikipedia's article "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah">Jehovah</a>" where we read:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Most scholars believe "Jehovah" to be a late (ca. 1100 CE) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters <em>JHVH</em> with the vowels of <em>Adonai</em>, but there is some evidence that it may already have been in use in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> (5th century).<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-Kotansky-3">[4]</a></sup><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-This_pp._40.2C_41-4">[5]</a></sup> It was not the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the redaction of the Pentateuch (6th century BCE), at which time the most likely vocalization was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. The historical vocalization was lost because in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided, being substituted with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a> "my Lord."</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">Jewish sources on pronunciation agree it is Yahweh. The</span><strong style="font-family: Tahoma; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"></span></em></strong><em><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">Jewish</span><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"> Encyclopedia</span></em><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"> of 1901, Volume 12, page 119, states: "</span><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">It thus becomes possible to determine with a fair degree of certainty the historical pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton, the results agreeing with the statement of Ex. iii. 14, in which YHWH terms Himself </span><img src="http://www.yahweh.com/images/yahweh/ahyh.jpg" alt="" style="width: 43px; height: 15px;" /><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">. "I will be", a phrase which is immediately proceeded by the fuller term "I will be that I will be," or, as in the English versions, "I am" and "I am that I am." The name </span><img src="http://www.yahweh.com/images/yahweh/yhwh.jpg" alt="" style="width: 40px; height: 15px;" /><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"> is accordingly derived from the root </span><img src="http://www.yahweh.com/images/yahweh/hwh.jpg" alt="" style="width: 28px; height: 15px;" /><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">(=</span><img src="http://www.yahweh.com/images/yahweh/hyh.jpg" alt="" style="width: 31px; height: 15px;" /><span style="color: #000000; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">), and is regarded as an imperfect. This passage is decisive for the pronunciation "Yahweh"; for the etymology was undoubtedly based on the known word."</span></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"><span data-mce-mark="1"></span></em></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><em>The Encyclopedia Judaica</em>, Volume 7, page 680 further states this fact: </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"The true pronunciation of the name YHWH was never lost. <strong>Several early Greek writers of the Christian Church testify the name was pronounced 'Yahweh.'</strong> This is confirmed, at least for the vowel of the first syllable of the name, by the shorter form Yah, which is sometimes used in poetry (e.g., Ex. 15:12), and the - yahu or -yah that serves as the final syllable in very many Hebrew names." </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: #333333; line-height: 1.3em;">The Encyclopedia Brittanica</em>, Volume 23, page 867, confirms this fact: </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"YAHWEH, the proper name of the God of Israel; it is composed of four consonants (YHWH) in Hebrew and is therefore called the Tetragrammaton..." The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume 9, page 160, confirms this fact again: "Of the names of God in the Old Testament, that which occurs most frequently (6,823 times) is the so-called Tetragrammaton, YHWH (<img src="http://www.yahweh.com/images/yahweh/yhwh.jpg" alt="" style="width: 40px; height: 15px;" />), the distinctive personal name of the God of Israel." </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For an opposing point of view that says Yahweh is truly Yah-hu-way, see <a href="http://www.ha-shem.followersofyah.com">HaShem</a> website.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #0000ff;">Prior Misconceptions on Pronunciation </span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Between the years 500 A.D. and 1000 A.D., vowel markings were invented and introduced in the Hebrew language. To prevent Jewish people from accidentally saying Yahweh, the rabbis decided to place the vowel markings for the word “Adonai” (which means lord) or "Elohim" on the Tetragrammaton -- “YWHW.” When Elohim is overlayed, it produced a word with this sound: YeHoVah. But when ADONAI is placed over it, ADONAI's vowel's come out: "YAHWEH."</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></em></em></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In 1520 A.D., a Bible scholar named Galatinus [FN 1] called God by the name “Jehovah” [FN2] and in 1611 A.D., the translators of the original King James Bible explained in a footnote that God’s Name is Jehovah. That’s why so many people today believe that God’s Name is Jehovah.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<hr />
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="background-color: #ffff00;" data-mce-mark="1">FN 1</span> </span></p>
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">According to <em>The Jewish Encyclopedia</em> (Singer, Isadore, ed. 12 vols. KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 1964, vol. 7, p. 88), Galatinus was the confessor for Pope Leo the 10th.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="background-color: #ffff00;" data-mce-mark="1">FN 2</span> </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Many, if not most, Bible scholars believe Galatinus was the person responsible for interpreting the Name “Yahweh” as Jehovah. However, there is some controversy about this question. No matter who made this step, we know the name Jehovah did not come into use until at least the 1400s A.D.</span></p>
|
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<hr />
|
||||
<h1><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>The Divine Name and the New Testament</strong></span></h1>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In the 100s Clement and in the 300s Theodoret - both Christian commentators - mention the Divine name is YAHWEH (pronounced Ya-oo-way), or a close variant. See "Iaoue" <a href="http://encycl.opentopia.com/term/Iaoue">Encyclopentopia</a></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">George Howard has done extensive study on the Divine Name in the New Testament and marshalls the proof that<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;"> it was used originally</span></strong>, but later was removed in manuscript copying. Then he has this to say:</span></p>
|
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"The removal of the Tetragrammaton from the New Testament and its replacement with the surrogates KYRIOS and THEOS blurred the original distinction between the Lord God and the Lord Christ, and in many passages made it impossible to know which one was meant. ..Once the Tetragrammaton was removed and replaced by the surrogate 'Lord', scribes were unsure whether "lord" meant God or Christ. As time went on, these two figures were brought into even closer unity until it was often impossible to distinguish between them. Thus it may be that the <strong>removal of the Tetragrammaton contributed significantly to the later Christological and Trinitarian debates which plagued the church of the early Christian centuries</strong>." George Howard, <em>The Name of God in the New Testament</em>, BAR 4.1 (March 1978), 15</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">There is good reason to re-insert the Name of God -- YAHWEH -- into the English Translation, and the Greek text too for that matter. First of all, the <strong>Greek Septuagint had the Name of Yahweh in it from the very beginning</strong>. Though this fact was at one time widely doubted by scholars, substantial fragments of the Original Testament in Greek (the Septuagint) have surfaced since then, and they do have the Name preserved in ancient paleo Hebrew, amidst the text that is otherwise Greek. Photographs of these fragments can be seen in this 'Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures' from the Jehovah Witnesses. These photographs are a powerful testimony to the reverence the ancients had for the Name. See photo of manuscript 4Q120 from 140 BC in Septuagint at this Wikipedia article <a href="https://en.wikipedTetragrammatonia.org/wiki/">Tetragammaton</a>. <a href="http://www.paleotimes.org/whatsNew/2003/july_29_2003.htm"><br /></a></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Incidentally, it is ironic that Jehovah Witnesses preserve the very proof that the name is YAHWEH, yet their group still uses in its name an anachronism (i.e., Jehovah) caused by a hasty conclusion of Galatinus in 1520! Wonders never cease!</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Continuing with our point, Howard explains that the Hebrew Matthew that he restored proves likewise that Yahweh was the original text in the New Testament wherever HaShem was used in reference to God in the Hebrew versions.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">When you are preparing your English translation of the Bible, it's <a href="http://www.divine-name.info/bibles.htm">perfectly acceptable</a> to use God's name Yahweh in the Original Testament (OT). You can do it nearly 7000 times. That's <a href="http://carriertom.typepad.com/sheep_and_goats/2007/05/the_divine_name.html">how often</a> the four consonant tetragrammaton appears in the original Hebrew.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Using God's name in the New Testament is a different matter. It is a bolder move, and not without controversy. </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Ancient manuscripts of the Original Testament (OT) in Hebrew contain the divine name, but ancient manuscripts of the New Testament Greek do not. Yet, this can be explained because when the Infallible Name Doctrine arose by the third century, it would deliberately seek destruction of texts that preceded it that had YHWH in the text. And thus by either deterioration or deliberate sanctimonious destruction, none of the NT texts prior to the third century exist. And this explains why no NT text survives with YHWH in the text. See <a href="/home/16-hebrew-matthew/250-dates-of-manuscripts-that-survive.html">Surviving Manuscripts of New Testament</a>. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">When the OT was translated into Greek in 257 BC in the Septuagint, there were placeholders used for YAHWEH's name. These evolved over time, and yet line up with the oldest NT manuscripts, as we shall see.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Unfortunately, in the end, KYRIOS (or Lord) replaced these earlier placeholders in 300s for both the Septuagint and NT editions. Hence, later versions of the Septuagint OT make those passages where YHWH appear simply identify "Lord" and now it is impossible with such translation to distinguish between whether it is Messianic prophecy about Jesus as "Lord" or instead that is a passage about God Almighty. And passages in the NT became equally impossible to distinguish the Lord God from the Lord Jesus when the same change was imposed on our NT scripture.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">So the way to fix this is to examine the earliest NT manuscripts with the earliest Septuagint manuscripts from before the 300s, and compare their placeholders for Yahweh. George Howard of the University of Georgia writes this in Journal of Biblical Literature (Vol. 96, 1977, p. 63), and identifies the problem and the solution:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"Recent discoveries in Egypt and the Judean Desert <strong>allow us to see first hand the use of God's name in pre-Christian times</strong> [i.e., the earlier Septuagint versions]. These discoveries are significant for New Testament studies in that they form a literary analogy with the earliest Christian documents and may explain how NT authors used the divine name. In the following pages we will set forth a theory that the divine name, YHWH [Howard uses the Hebrew characters] (and possibly abbreviations of it), was originally written in the NT quotations of and allusions to the Old Testament and that in the course of time it was replaced mainly with the surrogate abbreviation for Kyrios, "Lord" [Again, he uses the Greek characters]. This removal of the Tetragram[maton], in our view, <strong>created a confusion in the minds of early Gentile Christians about the relationship between the 'Lord God' and the 'Lord Christ' </strong>which is reflected in the MS tradition of the NT text itself."</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Not only did the removal of the Tetragrammaton create that confusion, but also now those who wish to uphold the Theodosian Trinity of 381 AD have a motive to resist restoring the original sense of YAHWEH in various passages. The truth is Jesus is divine by the indwelling of the Logos ("dwelt among us" John 1:14) --- even though the "Logos is not mine, but my Father's who sent me." (John 14:24.) But to say Jesus is YAHWEH, translated as Lord in the Septuagint, goes beyond John's prologue or the original usage in the NT.</span> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">So when a non-Jehovah Witness advocates we use Yahweh's name in honor, we hear that it is awfully suspicious that it's the Jehovah Witness Bible that uses Jehovah in the New Testament. Doesn't that mean they're writing their own doctrines into the Bible? No, it doesn't. What it means is that Witnesses love the divine name and so they highlight facts that are not highlighted (if not actually buried) by those who don't love the name. Since the name appears some 7000 times in the entire Bible, it's hard to argue that God doesn't want it known. Especially in view of these verses.</span><br /></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">...</span></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">that men may know that thou, whose name alone is YAHWEH, art the most high over all the earth.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Ps 83:18</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">or</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Matt 6:9-10 (New Testament)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In fact, should not Christians be identified with that name?</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">[Peter] hath declared how God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to <strong>take out of them a people for his name</strong>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Acts 15:14</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In spite of this, most churches today are moving in the opposite direction! Check <a href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles_of_faith/2008/09/he_who_must_not.html">this</a> out in the Boston Globe:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"The Vatican, saying the name of God deserves more reverence, earlier this summer instructed that Catholics<strong> stop using the word Yahweh in worship</strong>, a step that is expected to affect a number of hymns, according to the Catholic News Service. And now comes Christianity Today, the evangelical magazine, talking with Protestants about the issue. One of several perspectives reported in the article: "Protestants should be following their lead, said Carol Bechtel, professor of Old Testament at Western Theological Seminary in Holland, Michigan. 'It's always left me baffled and perplexed and embarrassed that <strong>we sprinkle our hymns with that name</strong>,' she said. 'Whether or not there are Jewish brothers and sisters in earshot, the most obvious reason to avoid using the proper and more personal name of God in the Old Testament is simply respect for God."</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Thus, we are being told again that "out of respect for God" we should not utter His name -- Yahweh. Just call Him God, and don't get too personal -- that is what Catholicism and Protestant leaders are saying. This is the revival of the Ineffable Name Doctrine under a new rubric. It is sad, for it violates the words of the Bible itself to proclaim the name and make it known. And thus the doctrines of men replace the commands of God -- again!</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Fortunately, Standford Rives in his reconstruction of the Original Gospel of Matthew -- volume three of his series -- which is hosted free on our site -- restores Yahweh to the places it was found in the oldest Hebrew versions of Matthew. See our <a href="/images/stories/JWOBook/ogm2012.htm">link</a>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Did Jesus Get Condemned as A Blasphemer For Using God's True Name?</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">As explained below here, it is reasonable to infer that Jesus actually used Yahweh's name in His response to the Sanhedrin question whether He was Messiah. Instead of saying He was the Son of Man sitting on the right hand of "Power," as it reads now, it appears what Jesus actually said was he would be seated "on the right hand of Yahweh." Why? Because there is nothing blasphemous in saying one is sitting on the right hand of Power. But the Sanhedrin had a rule -- preserved in later texts -- that it was blasphemy to utter the "secret name" of God. Hence, once you know that fact, and the later influence of editors of the NT to remove Yahweh's name, then you can infer what Jesus truly said was he would sit on the "right hand of Yahweh," not simply "Power." And thus this reference to Yahweh was eliminated, with all the other uses of Yahweh in the NT due to the Ineffable Name Doctrine contaminating the copyists to scorn writing the allegedly 'secret name' of God.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Let's go through the analysis as succinctly as possible.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">First, Jesus in John says to the Father, "I made your name known." John <a href="http://bible.cc/john/17-26.htm">17:26</a>. So that means we will not be surprised if we find a text that is best explained by Jesus uttering the name Yahweh.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Second, the Mishna Sanhedrin VII, 5 (compiled about 200 AD)(see <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zBRuo3LHyS4C&lpg=PA396&ots=lbbdfphSOW&dq=mishnah%20sanhedrin%207%205&pg=PA396#v=onepage&q=mishnah%20sanhedrin%207%205&f=false">link</a>) reads: ‘The blasphemer <strong>only incurs guilt if he utters the secret name of God</strong>." Here is the<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CD8QjBAwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmishnahyomit.org%2Fsanhedrin%2FSanhedrin%25207-5.doc&ei=6MfrUJPcF-KOiAKKuIHADA&usg=AFQjCNFZ6uULhaZir7egOPCPWgETyYSb_w&sig2=dcMSCNbXh7il0fQAWdyX0g&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.cGE"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">link</span></a> to a Word document of the entire part VII from a site that has a repository of the Sanhedrin legal documents called the Mishna Sanhedrin.</span> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Now one has to understand that the Mishnah Sanhedrin was construing Leviticus 24:15-16. These verses read in pertinent part -- and Leviticus read this as of 125 BC when the Dead Sea Scroll version of Leviticus was written:</span> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #3366ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="color: #3366ff;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff; margin-left: 30px;"><span id="en-KJV-3462" class="text Lev-24-15" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><sup class="versenum" style="font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">15 </sup>And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, Whosoever curseth his God shall bear his sin.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="color: #3366ff;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff; margin-left: 30px;"><span id="en-KJV-3463" class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><sup class="versenum" style="font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">16 </sup>And <strong>he that blasphemeth the name of the <span class="small-caps" style="font-variant-caps: small-caps;" data-mce-mark="1">Lord</span></strong>, he shall surely be put to death,</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Next, we set forth the modern explanation of this Mishnah passage. It shows that the priests running the Sanhedrin <span class="text Lev-24-16" data-mce-mark="1">read verse 16 to say the one who curses God but does not use the name Yahweh can live, but if he uses the name of Yahweh, he must die. Here is the official explanation:</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span class="text Lev-24-16" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">With regards to the blasphemer the Torah states (Lev. 24:15): “Anyone who blasphemes his God shall bear his guilt. <strong>If he also pronounces the name of the Lord, he shall be put to death</strong>.” </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">From these verses the Rabbis learned that <strong>the blasphemer was punished by a death penalty only if he used God’s four letter name</strong>. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The problem with putting the blasphemer on trial is that when the witnesses testify and repeat what they heard, they too will be blaspheming God’s name. Although they certainly would not receive the death penalty for doing so, it was nevertheless seen to be unacceptable for even a witness to repeat what he heard, especially in a public trial. Therefore, during the court’s deliberation <strong>they used a code word, “may Yose smite Yose”</strong>. However, in order to complete the trial the witnesses needed to state what they heard explicitly at least one time. Therefore, at the end of the trial they would remove everyone from the court and only the witnesses and the judges would remain. They would then ask the eldest witness to say explicitly what he heard. So painful was it for the judges to hear God’s name being blasphemed that <strong>they would tear their clothes and not repair them</strong>. Id. <strong style="color: #009933; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 15px;">mishnah</strong><span style="color: #009933; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 15px;" data-mce-mark="1">yomit.org/</span><strong style="color: #009933; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 15px;">sanhedrin</strong></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Now compare this procedure to Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin in Matthew and Mark:</span></span><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">63 </span> </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="crossreference" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Jesus kept silent. And the high priest said to Him, “I <sup class="footnote" style="font-size: 0.65em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26&version=NASB#fen-NASB-24118t" style="color: #b37162; vertical-align: top;" title="See footnote t">t</a>]</sup>adjure You by the living God, that You tell us whether You are <sup class="footnote" style="font-size: 0.65em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26&version=NASB#fen-NASB-24118u" style="color: #b37162; vertical-align: top;" title="See footnote u">u</a>]</sup>the Christ,the Son of God.” <span id="en-NASB-24119" class="text Matt-26-64" data-mce-mark="1"><sup class="versenum" style="font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">64 </sup>Jesus *said to him, <span class="woj" data-mce-mark="1">“You have said it yourself; nevertheless I tell you, <sup class="footnote" style="font-size: 0.65em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26&version=NASB#fen-NASB-24119v" style="color: #b37162; vertical-align: top;" title="See footnote v">v</a>]</sup>hereafter you will see <span class="small-caps" style="font-variant-caps: small-caps;" data-mce-mark="1">the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of <span style="color: #ff0000;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>Power</strong></span></span>, and <span class="small-caps" style="font-variant-caps: small-caps;" data-mce-mark="1">coming on the clouds of heaven</span>.”</span></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">65 </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="crossreference" style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">tore his <sup class="footnote" style="font-size: 0.65em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">[<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26&version=NASB#fen-NASB-24120w" style="color: #b37162; vertical-align: top;" title="See footnote w">w</a>]</sup>robes and said, “He has blasphemed! What further need do we have of witnesses? Behold, you have now heard the blasphemy; <span id="en-NASB-24120" class="text Matt-26-65" data-mce-mark="1"><sup class="versenum" style="font-size: 0.75em; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;">66 </sup>what do you think?” They answered, “He deserves death!” (Matt <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2026:63-66&version=NASB">26:63-66</a>)</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px;"><span class="text Matt-26-65" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><sup class="versenum" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top; color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">62 </sup><span class="text Matt-26-65" data-mce-mark="1">And Jesus said, </span><span class="text Matt-26-65" data-mce-mark="1">“I am; and you shall see <span class="text Matt-26-65" data-mce-mark="1">the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of <strong><span style="color: #ff0000;" data-mce-mark="1">Power</span></strong></span>, and <span class="text Matt-26-65" data-mce-mark="1">coming with the clouds of heaven</span>.” (Mark <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=mark%2014:62&version=NASB">14:62</a>.)</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">As we read it today, there does not appear to be any insult on God's name. His name is not used. The punishment that the Sanhedrin would pass could not be a death penalty unless Jesus / Yashua actually spoke the name Yahweh. This is true either under Leviticus 26 or the Sanhedrin's recognized construction of that passage. </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Hence, it appears that the reason Jesus / Yashua was executed was precisely because He used the name of Yahweh, and due to evolving views of the Ineffable Name Doctrine, just saying the Name was considered sinful. But for Jesus / Yashua doing so, our Lord would not have been executed. </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">And hence our Lord was killed for making the Name Yahweh known to the Sanhedrin who were already influenced by a perniscious Ineffable Name Doctrine that would silence even Jesus for using the Name. Hence, this supports the view that we should take the risk to make the true name of God known -- Yahweh.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Incidentally, scholars unaware that Yahweh's name was systematically removed by copyists due to the Ineffable Name Doctrine by the 2-3d centuries, presuppose the evangelists were wrong in their Gospels for suggesting the penalty of death could apply to what Jesus said. As D.A. Carson explains in <em>The Gospel According to John </em>(Eedrman's 1991) at page <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zBRuo3LHyS4C&lpg=PA396&ots=lbbdfphSOW&dq=mishnah%20sanhedrin%207%205&pg=PA396#v=onepage&q=mishnah%20sanhedrin%207%205&f=false">396,</a> </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px;"><span class="text Lev-24-16" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"It is often pointed out that the technical definition of blasphemy in Mishnah (Sanhedrin 7:5) requires that to be guilty a person must pronounce the name of God, the Tetragrammaton, often translated as Yahweh today. Because there is <strong>no evidence that Jesus ever defied that prohibition</strong>, some scholars argue the Evangelist displays considerable ignorance of first-century Judaism."<br /></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Yet, we can now see that we can infer that the evidence of what Jesus actually said was removed by copyists adhering to the Ineffable Name Doctrine. And thus Jesus did use the Name, and this is what garnered the finding of blasphemy, because the Sanhedrin had evolved the notion that use of the name, without the necessary 'curse' upon God set forth in Leviticus 24:15-6, was itself blasphemy.</span> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Winn's Analysis on The NT Use of Yahweh</span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">CW provides a detailed examination of this issue in his article <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Questioning Pau</span>l, <a href="http://questioningpaul.com/Questioning_Paul-Galatians-01-Chrestus-Useful_Implement.Paul">chapter one</a> -- where question marks -- ??? -- reflect a non-reproducible foreign text font only visible if you go to the original link:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Often overlooked, four of the most common Divine Placeholders for God’s names and titles were used in this passage [of Galatians 1:1]. The [letters #1] and</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> [letters #2]</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> represent: "Messiyah, the Implement of Yah," "Yahushua," meaning "Yah Saves," "Yahweh," or "Elohym-God," and His favorite title "’Ab-Father," based upon the first word in the Hebrew lexicon. </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Examples of placeholders not used in this particular verse, but ubiquitous throughout the rest of the Renewed Covenant, and universally found in every first-, second-, third-, and early fourth-century Greek manuscript, describe the "Ruwach-Spirit," the "’Edon-Upright One," and the "Upright Pillar." And Placeholders for "Mother" and "Son," like "Father" are also common, but not universal.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">While codices dating to the first three centuries differ somewhat among themselves, and differ significantly from those composed after the influence of General Constantine, the use of Divine Placeholders is the lone exception to scribal variation among the early manuscripts<strong>. These symbols for God’s name and titles are universally found on every page of every extant codex written within 300 years of Yahshua’s day, without exception</strong>. But, nonetheless, they are <strong>universally ignored by Christian translators, writers, and preachers.</strong> By including them here in the text, as all of the Renewed Covenant authors themselves did, it is incumbent upon us to correct 1,700 years of religious tampering and corruption.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The very fact that these placeholders are found on<strong> all of the more than one-hundred manuscripts unearthed prior to the mid fourth-century</strong>, tells us that it wasn’t a regional or scribal choice. Instead, they convey something so profoundly important that they were purposefully inscribed throughout the original autographs—in the texts penned by the authors of the Renewed Covenant.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">And so while these manuscripts all differ from one another with regard to their wording; the only constant is the one thing every translator has ignored. There<strong> isn’t even a footnote in any of our English translations indicating that these Divine Placeholders were universally depicted in all of the oldest manuscripts, including the codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus.</strong> As a result, Christians do not know that these symbols existed, much less that they were<strong> later replaced by translators, substituting the very names and titles which would have been written out by the original authors had they been intended</strong>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Kappa Sigma and Kappa Upsilon, in capital letters with a line over them, were used to convey Yahweh’s name </span></strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">and Yahshua’s "Upright One" title, even though every English bible replaces these symbols with "Lord." The fact Kappa Sigma conveys "Yahweh," the preponderance of the time it is used, is something I discovered when translating Greek quotations of Hebrew passages cited by Yahshua and His apostles in the Renewed Covenant.</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">This obvious conclusion has been reaffirmed recently by the publication of early Septuagint manuscripts. In them, we find a transition from writing Yahweh’s name in paleo-Hebrew in the midst of the Greek text throughout the first and second centuries, to using the symbolism of Kappa Sigma to represent Yahweh’s name beginning in the third-century. So, we now know for certain, what seemed perfectly obvious: the Divine Placeholders were used to designate Yahuweh’s name in a language whose alphabet could not replicate its sounds.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Also by finding "Yahuweh" <strong>written in paleo-Hebrew in the oldest Greek manuscripts of the Covenant Scriptures, especially in those dating to the first and second centuries BCE and CE, we have an interesting affirmation that my initial rationale regarding the Divine Placeholders was accurate</strong>. Yahweh’s name can’t be accurately transliterated using the Greek alphabet, so to avoid a mispronunciation, the Hebrew alphabet was initially used, and then, after Hebrew became a dead language, Greek symbolism was substituted.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Thus, we know the divine name was being used in early Christian NT manuscripts, symbolized by the Kappa Sigma Upsilon <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">with a line over it</span>. This matches what we found in the Septuagint manuscripts where later "Lord" replaced what was the placeholder for YHWH. [See graphic below - early Septuagint use of Yahweh inside of Greek text.]</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><img src="http://www.yahweh.com/images/yahweh/smallSeptuagintFrag2.jpg" alt="" style="float: right;" /></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Incidentally, one of the earliest fragments of the NT is the Papyrus 46 which contains Galatians. It dates to as early as 185 AD. It had a placeholder for Yahweh, but in later compilations, it is deleted. Here is CW's explanation in his Questioning Paul <a href="http://questioningpaul.com/Questioning_Paul-Galatians-03-Yaruwshalaym-Source_of_Salvation.Paul">chapter three</a>. First, he says that Galatians 2:5 should be translated:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;"><strong><span data-mce-mark="1">"With regard to</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">whom (os)<strong>, we did not </strong>(oude) <strong>yield</strong> (eiko – surrender) [<strong>in submission</strong> (hypotage)] <strong>in order that</strong> (hina) <strong>the truth</strong> (aletheia – that which is an eternal reality and in complete accord with history and the evidence) <strong>of God</strong> (Yahweh placeholders) [<strong>’s beneficial and healing message</strong> (euangelion)] <strong>would continue to exist</strong> (diameno – stand firm, remain unchanged, and permanently endure) <strong>advantageously among</strong> (pros) <strong>you</strong> (sou)<strong>."</strong>(Galatians 2:5)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Then CW notes how the placeholder for Yahweh was entirely eliminated in later compilations:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Further, a placeholder for Yahweh’s name or title exists between "aletheia/truth" and "diameno/would continue to exist" in the oldest Greek text, but not in the Textus Receptus, the Novum Testamentum Graece, nor the Nestle Aland Greek New Testament, even though the first claimed to be the "text received directly from God," and the other two have claimed to have corrected every error of the former by referencing older manuscripts.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="bibleKJV" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"To whom we gave place by subjection, no, not for an hour; that the truth of the gospel might continue with you." Thus, any reference to "God" is gone, let alone the original reference to Yahweh.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Meaning of Yahweh</span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">What does Yahweh mean?</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Wikipedia article "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh">Yahweh</a>," explains the theories of the meaning of the name of Yahweh:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The most likely meaning of the name may be “He Brings Into Existence Whatever Exists" -literally “I will Be that I will be” (<a href="https://youtu.be/chCzWp1wxak">link</a> at 4:58) but there are many theories and none is regarded as conclusive. The traditional rendering of the name, as found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="English Bibles">English Bibles</a>, is "I am who I am" or "I am that I am."</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The Ideogram Meaning of Yahweh</span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">I was asked by someone to vet whether the claim was true in a YouTube video by P.P. Simmons entitled "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wiBtYITrxM">Revealed: The Secret Name of God</a>." He argues Yahweh means:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Behold the Hand or Behold the Nail.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">[As I will explain below, this is only partly accurate.]</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">If true, this then would mean God's own name pointed to Jesus' crucifixion. Simmons claims each letter has<strong> ideographic meanings</strong> like the male and female signs outside public restrooms are symbols for an idea. So a single letter in Hebrew can supposedly have several ideographic meanings. Simmons claims:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">HEH [or HEY or HE] literally means WINDOW or LOOK</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">YUD [or YOD] literally means by ideographic identification HAND.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">HEH [or HEY or HE] literally and symbolically means WINDOW or LOOK</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">WAH [or VAV] literally means a NAIL.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Hence, Simmons contends these Hebrew letters in Yahweh can be accurately translated as BEHOLD the HAND, BEHOLD THE NAIL. [I am not sure how Simmons makes YUD come second, and instead HEH comes first.]</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Simmons rejoices because YASHUA then means "Behold the Hand, Behold the Nail is our Salvation." Mr. Simmons says this elegantly is the gospel found through Ideograms.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Sounds beautiful. Even winsome.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">There is something to this, but not as definitive as Simmons proposes.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Let's allow him to present his case. At 2:02 of the video, Simmons offers his proof. He claims the Hebrew letters have had "ideographic meanings" from ancient times. A chart of each vowel's supposed ideographic "literal meaning" appears on a chart that is displayed. At 2:03 of the video, it says you can find the chart at this <a href="http://amerisoftinc.com/hebletr1.htm">link</a>. <br /></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">While that link is empty as of 2018, previously in 2010 when you clicked the link for more information on the "hidden meanings" of the Hebrew letters at that page, you find there is talk of mysticism. The link page was to a page on Hebrew letters at <a href="http://www.inner.org/hebleter/default.htm">Inner Org</a>. While that link is empty as of 2018, in 2010 the title on the page was "Authentic Jewish <strong>Mysticism </strong>and Thought." Umm. Makes me a bit concerned.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Yet, staying with the amerisoft link, we find the author of the chart upon which Simmons relies credits several books for the "literal meanings" quoted by Simmons. These book titles are:</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">Hebrew Word Pictures</span>, Frank T. Seekins, Living Word Pictures Inc, Phoenix Arizona, 1994</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">The Inner Meaning of the Hebrew Letters</span>, Robert Haralock</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">The Wisdom of the Hebrew Alphabet</span>, Rabbi Michael Munk</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">How the Hebrew Language Grew</span>, Edward Horowitz</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">Honey from the Rock</span>, Lawrence Kushner</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">The Secrets of Hebrew Words</span>, Benjamin Bleck</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Of these, the first book is indeed the most influential in raising attention to ideograms. Frank T. Seekins -- Hebrew Word Pictures --- is perhaps accurate in part, but one cannot help but notice some strange supporters. We find a webpage that promotes his book for sale which says that "according to <strong>mystics of the Jewish tradition</strong>, the entire cosmos is said to be created from the 22 consonants of the Hebrew alphabet." ("<a href="http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_One/Aleph-Bet/aleph-bet.html">The Hebrew Alphabet</a>"). Umm. More concern now arises whether this is serious scholarship or hokum.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Well, let's see if we can independently verify that the "ideographic meaning" of YUD is HAND, HE is "behold" or "look" and VAV/ WAV is NAIL.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">First, we find controversy among those who accept ideographic meanings. One who agrees with the premise of Seekins, says YUD / YOD means "closed hand," not "hand." See Logos Christian Website on <a href="http://www.logoschristian.org/LWN/godsname.html">God's Name.</a> Yet, then inexplicably, he ignores the 'closed' aspect, and just treats it as 'hand." Id. It seems these meanings are applied loosely and not by some strict rules. Umm. Are we really going to find any scholars agreeing?</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Undaunted, our goal is to find the truth, so we will not stop there. Let's study "ideograms" or "ideographic" meanings to Hebrew letters by Google searching.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Indeed, scholars agree Hebrew, like Egyptian, had ideographic representations in the shape of letters. See <em>The Bible Dictionary</em> (London, Paris, NY: 1878) Vol 1 at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=z8ACAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=ideograms+hebrew+letters&source=bl&ots=jpWdUHXwqU&sig=cUKlzebgqwiaGy61gF0EU2ZCE9k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aEQmT8q-A-SjiQLct5SBCA&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=ideograms%20hebrew%20letters&f=false">55</a>. The letters were themselves pictorial representations in the shape of the letter.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">So do we know the meaning of the words by looking at the pictures they represent graphically? Yes, indeed we do, in most cases. </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The only ones that Simmons's claims are supported by scholars are YOD = HAND and VAV = NAIL. As we shall demonstrate, HE has been argued to mean WINDOW but it does not mean BEHOLD, as Simmmons claimed. (Remember, it is a pictograph of a physical object, so stretching WINDOW into BEHOLD is likely the product of wishful thinking.) Also, most likely HE is a picture of a HEDGE, and has no meaning of WINDOW, and clearly not the meaning of LOOK.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">So the Bible Dictionary from 1878 cited above does explain that HE is both a letter and a picture-word but "the meaning of this word is uncertain." Id., at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=z8ACAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA55&ots=jpWdUHXwqU&dq=ideograms%20hebrew%20letters&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=yod&f=false">58</a>. It goes on and says "Gesenius conjectures it may have signified a 'window,' but Furst believes it <strong>equivalent to the Hebrew word signifying a hedge</strong>." Id. The dictionary comments that "his opinion is more probable on account of the identity of the letters He and Cheth...." Id.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The "Vav" is indeed a "nail" -- the shape of which is "very well preserved in the Hebrew." Id., at 58.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">And "yod" is an ideograph of "hand." Id. , at 58. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">If you look then at a list of the Hebrew alphabet, you can see why this is reasonable -- the letters are indeed shaped to be potentially that of a hand, nail and hedge. See this link "<a href="http://www.soul-guidance.com/houseofthesun/treeoflifeletters.htm">Hebrew Alphabet</a>."</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">So where do we end up? </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">With the tantalizing fact that YWHW has the symbol letters of a HAND and NAIL in his name. I think personally that alone is supportive of YAHSHUA. We did not need to stretch HE which means likely HEDGE into WINDOW and then by an overactive imagination transform WINDOW into LOOK or BEHOLD.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Now the name YHWH in ideograms -- YOD HEY VAV HEY means HAND HEDGE NAIL HEDGE. I see something in this that is itself then a picture. The hedge could be a thorn hedge. For example -- read this explanation of the word "keep" in Hebrew and you will see the point unintentionally mentioned which supports Jesus' experience is prophesied with the name YAHWEH:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>Keep </strong>(Strong's #8104)<br /></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Hebrews were a nomadic people raising livestock. It would not be uncommon for a shepherd to be out with his flock, away from the camp, over the night. In order<strong> to protect the flock the shepherd would construct a corral of thorn bushes</strong>. The shepherd would then guard over the flock and the corral would be<strong> a hedge of protection around them</strong>. The image behind the Hebrew verb (shamar) is this guarding and protecting of the shepherd and the corral over the flock. ("<a href="http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/40_numbers1.html">Ancient Hebrew Research Center -- Numbers 6</a>.")</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">So the pictograph for HEDGE appears on either side of HAND and NAIL. So a THORN HEDGE, A HAND and NAIL evokes what image to you? The PASTOR of our souls leading and protecting the flock into a protective hedge done by a nail into his hand.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">It is still beautiful and sublime. Thus Seekins and Simmons meant well. However, it does no good to assert meanings not supported by serious scholarship. It also is an endeavor that pokes a bit close to mysticism. It is also open to multiple interpretations. My suggestion is to not make it a practice to speculate on such things. God's word is clear enough without our reading too much into things. But this HAND and NAIL meaning indeed is VERY intriguing to a follower of YAHSHUA. Could God YAHWEH have given Moses a name whose ideographic meaning points to the one the Father "indwelled," as Jesus / Yahshua said in John 14:10? That the Father's future role in humankind would be to have a Shekinah presence in the man Yahsua?</span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Study Notes</span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #333399;" data-mce-mark="1">Website on Tetragrammaton in NT</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">A great study of the Tetragammaton in light of the Hebrew version of Matthew is at this <a href="http://www.tetragrammaton.org/tetra5.html">link</a> from a website devoted to the Tetragrammaton. The introduction gives you a flavor of the issues it covers: </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">Chapter 5: <strong>Matthew's Gospel in Hebrew</strong></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"> Hebrew language and manuscript studies are important for an accurate understanding of the Christian Greek Scriptures. Both the Hebrew language and culture strongly influenced the Greek words and thought patterns used in the Christian Scriptures. Though the majority of the Hebrew Scripture quotations come from the <em>Septuagint</em>, by no means is this always true. In some instances, the writer translated <a href="http://www.kalvesmaki.com/LXX/NTCHART.HTM"><strong>directly from Hebrew</strong></a> to Greek when quoting Scripture.</p>
|
||||
<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"> Thus, a comprehensive study of the Christian Scriptures must also consider Hebrew language documents. In the case of this present study, however, there is even greater need to become acquainted with Hebrew texts, inasmuch as verification of the divine name in the <em>New World Translation</em> Christian Greek Scriptures comes directly from Hebrew sources.<sup>[1]</sup><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; color: black;">On page 12 in the Foreword of the <span style="font-style: italic;">Kingdom Interlinear Translation</span> (1985 edition) the New World Bible Translation Committee says:</p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; color: black;"> We have looked for some agreement with us by the Hebrew versions we consulted to confirm our own rendering [of the divine name]. Thus, out of the 237 times that we have restored Jehovah's name in the body of our translation, there is only one instance wherein we have no support or agreement from any of the Hebrew versions. But in this one instance, namely, at 1 Corinthians 7:17, the context and related texts strongly support restoring the divine name.</p>
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">In this and the following two chapters, we will consider three topics dealing with Hebrew language manuscripts.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>PRONUNCIATION OF YHWH</strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">What is the history of the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton? In Wikipedia's "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah">Jehovah</a>" we read:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The most widespread theory is that the Hebrew term [omitted] has the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel points</a> of [omitted] (adonai). Using the vowels of adonai, the compositehataf patah under the guttural alef becomes a sheva under the yod , the holam is placed over the first he , and the qamats is placed under the vav , giving <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">???????</span> (Jehovah). When the two names, <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">????</span> and <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">????</span>, occur together, the former is pointed with a hataf segol <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">?</span> under theyod <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">?</span> and a hiriq under the second he <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">?</span>, giving [omitted], to indicate that it is to be read as (elohim) in order to avoid adonai being repeated.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-autogenerated2-25">[26]</a></sup></span></p>
|
||||
<div class="thumb tright">
|
||||
<div class="thumbinner"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sefer_Yezira_1552_IEHOUAH.PNG" class="image"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sefer_Yezira_1552_IEHOUAH.PNG/220px-Sefer_Yezira_1552_IEHOUAH.PNG" alt="" width="220" height="187" class="thumbimage" /></a></span>
|
||||
<div class="thumbcaption" style="margin-left: 30px;">
|
||||
<div class="magnify" style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sefer_Yezira_1552_IEHOUAH.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a></span></div>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="Sefer Yetzirah" data-mce-mark="1">[Graphic above: a 1552 Latin translation of Sefer Yetzirah, using the form <strong>Iehouah</strong> for the "magnum Nomen tetragrammatum."]</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 60px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The pronunciation Jehovah is believed to have arisen through the introduction of vowels of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qere" class="mw-redirect" title="Qere">qere</a>—the marginal notation used by the Masoretes. In places where the consonants of the text to be read (the qere) differed from the consonants of the written text (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kethib" class="mw-redirect" title="Kethib">kethib</a>), they wrote the qere in the margin to indicate the desired reading.<sup>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009" data-mce-mark="1">citation needed</span></a>]</sup> In such cases, the kethib was read using the vowels of the qere. For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted, referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27re_perpetuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Q're perpetuum">q're perpetuum</a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-Jewish:YHWH-18">[19]</a></sup> One of these frequent cases was God's name, which was not to be pronounced in fear of profaning the "ineffable name". Instead, wherever <span lang="he" xml:lang="he" data-mce-mark="1">????</span> (YHWH) appears in thekethib of the biblical and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">liturgical books</a>, it was to be read as <span class="script-hebrew" dir="rtl" data-mce-mark="1">???????</span> (adonai, "My Lord [plural of majesty]"), or as <span class="script-hebrew" dir="rtl" data-mce-mark="1">????????</span> (elohim, "God") if adonai appears next to it.<sup>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009" data-mce-mark="1">citation needed</span></a>]</sup> This combination produces <span class="script-hebrew" dir="rtl" data-mce-mark="1">???????</span> (yehovah) and <span class="script-hebrew" dir="rtl" data-mce-mark="1">???????</span> (yehovih) respectively.<sup>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009" data-mce-mark="1">citation needed</span></a>]</sup> <span lang="he" xml:lang="he" data-mce-mark="1">????</span> is also written <span lang="he" xml:lang="he" data-mce-mark="1">’?</span>, or even <span lang="he" xml:lang="he" data-mce-mark="1">’?</span>, and read ha-Shem ("the name").<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-autogenerated2-25">[26]</a></sup></span></p>
|
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<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">****</span></p>
|
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Jehovist writers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemia_Gordon" title="Nehemia Gordon">Nehemia Gordon</a>, who helped translate the "Dead Sea Scrolls", have acknowledged the general agreement among scholars that the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was Yahweh, and that the vowel points now attached to the Tetragrammaton were added to indicate that Adonai was to be read instead, as seen in the alteration of those points after prefixes. He wrote: "There is a virtual scholarly consensus concerning this name" and "this is presented as fact in every introduction to Biblical Hebrew and every scholarly discussion of the name."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup> Gordon, disputing this consensus, wrote, "However, this consensus is not based on decisive proof. We have seen that the scholarly consensus concerning Yahweh is really just a wild guess," and went on to say that the vowel points of Adonai are not correct.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup> He argued that "the name is really pronounced Ye-ho-vah with the emphasis on 'vah'. Pronouncing the name Yehovah with the emphasis on 'ho' (as in English Jehovah) would quite simply be a mistake."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-55">[56]</a>'</sup></span></p>
|
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">****</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Despite Jehovist claims that vowel signs are necessary for reading and understanding Hebrew, modern Hebrew is written without vowel points.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-V.26P-82">[83]</a></sup><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-V.26P-82">[83]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> scrolls do not include vowel points, and ancient Hebrew was written without vowel signs.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-83">[84]</a></sup><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-84">[85]</a></sup></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 60px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, discovered in 1946 and dated from 400 BC to 70 AD,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-85">[86]</a></sup> include texts from the Torah or Pentateuch and from other parts of the Hebrew Bible,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-86">[87]</a></sup><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-87">[88]</a></sup> and have provided documentary evidence that, in spite of claims to the contrary, the original Hebrew texts were in fact written without vowel points.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-88">[89]</a></sup><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-89">[90]</a></sup> Menahem Mansoor's </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The <em>Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide </em></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">claims the vowel points found in printed Hebrew Bibles were devised in the 9th and 10th centuries</span>.<sup style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah#cite_note-90">[91]</a></sup></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Pronunciation Issue</span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">This is discussed in "The Question ofVowels" in a Wikipedia article at this <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton#Pronunciation:_the_question_of_which_vowels">link.</a></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragrammaton#Pronunciation:_the_question_of_which_vowels"></a></span></p>
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Yahweh in the Dead Sea Scrolls</span></h1>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Dead Sea Scrolls date from 400 BC to 70 AD. ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah">Jehovah</a>," Wikipedia.)<img src="http://www.eliyah.com/tetragrm.gif" alt="" /> YHWH -- typically rendered as Yahweh - appears</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">in the DSS version of Psalm 119 where the blue arrow appears. (Thanks <a href="http://www.eliyah.com/yhwhdss.html">eliyah.com</a>.) The Masoretic text done in the 900s AD era uses Adonai in its place or Yahweh Adonai instead of Yahweh alone.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><big><big>T</big></big>he book <em>The Meaning of the Qumran Scrolls for the Bible</em> page 164 tells us that in these original Dead Sea Scroll writings 250 BC the Name Yahweh stood alone but the Masoretes typically added Adonai -- showing the surrogate name along the true name that stood alone in the original text: </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"><big><small><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></small></big></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><big><small><span data-mce-mark="1">Actually this practice was much earlier, for one of the </span><span style="color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">frequent discrepancies</span><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"> between the Massoretic text and the presumed Hebrew </span>Vorlage <span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1">of the Septuagint is </span><span style="color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">whether to read in a given passage Yahweh alone, or Yahweh Adonai. This <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">inconsistency was occasioned by the fact that originally Yahweh did stand alone, but that Adonai tended to be introduced alongside the Tetragrammaton by way of making explicit the surrogate</span>. This was not understood by the Massoretes, however, who felt compelled to vocalize both words. Neither was it understood by the scribes of the Qumran Scrolls, nor even by still earlier translators of the LXX. <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">That Yahweh originally stood alone in most passages is supported by the fact that, in Hebrew poetry, the double designation of the Deity usually adds excessive length to the poetic stich</span>.</span></small></big></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><big><small><strong><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></strong></strong></small></big></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Here are some important examples where the DSS used YHWH, and not ADONAI / Lord, which now systematically purges YHWH from our view.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">First, the Isaiah Scroll of chapter 53 from about 250 BC has YHWH where the Masoretes used Lord (Adonai or Elohim). Otherwise, the Masoretes were virtually 100% identical to how the Dead Sea Scrolls read, proving their faithfulness in copying. Here is a complimentary remark about their work while also rendering the DSS Isaiah with YHWH where the Masoretes had 'Lord':</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Specifically, the nearly intact Great Isaiah Scroll is almost identical to the most recent manuscript version of the Masoretic text from the 900's AD. (Scholars have discovered a handful of spelling and tense-oriented scribal errors, but nothing of significance.) (<a href="http://www.allaboutarchaeology.org/dead-sea-scrolls-2.htm">Dead Sea Scrolls - the Book of Isaiah</a>.)</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The variants between the Masoretes' work and the DSS are identified in the footnotes to the Abegg Flint version of the Dead Sea Scroll Bible (1996) in case one wishes to compare.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Incidentally, the Divine Name--YHWH--also appears in the Habakkuk Pesher (Commentary) from Cave 1 -- one of the Dead Sea Scrolls. It writes the name Yahweh in paleo-Hebrew. <em>Id.</em></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Why then does the Abegg Flint, Dead Sea Scrolls Bible and all modern texts persist in obscuring YHWH's true name when the DSS prove it was originally present?</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">We have to realize that translators even today try not to offend sensibilities of some by placing YHWH / or a transliteration like YAHWEH in the text. The editors know some do not want God's name written at all, let alone phonetically identified as either "Yahweh" or "Jehova" (which causes more disagreement). So <strong>rather than identify God's name at all,</strong> whether 100% accurately or a good faith alternative, <strong>God's name is not identified at all. </strong> As the <a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bible/asv.ii.html">Preface</a> to the 1901 American Standard Version Bible said, this is all born of "superstition." This suppression of God's true name is thus unholy.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Here is an example where this methodology is expressly acknowledged. The editors of the International Standard Version Bible explain that they do not reveal YHWH when they translate. Instead, the word "Lord" is used to reflect YHWH in the 'Old Testament' (i.e., Hebrew Scripture):</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In the Old Testament, the traditional "LORD" is used for Yahweh. Where the Hebrew Adonai Yahweh occurs, the rendering "Lord GOD" is used. Yahweh Elohim is rendered as LORD God. Most titles of God are translated in the text, with the original title placed in a footnote. ("<a href="http://isv.org/principles.php">Textual Aspects of Translation</a>," <a href="http://isv.org/principles.php">http://isv.org/principles.php</a> (2012).</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">However, redacting scripture is wrong. Deut 12:32; Prov 30:6.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Incidentally, Jeff Benner in "Selection from the Isaiah Scroll" reports where the Dead Sea Scrolls from at least 125 BCE has YHWH in Isaiah 7:14. The Masoretic text of the 900s has Adonai.<img src="http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/files/31_selections1.jpg" alt="Isaiah 7:14" /> Isaiah 7:14</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">(This photo plate is from this <a href="http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/31_selections.html">link</a>.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Benner explains:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">This passage from the Dead Sea Scrolls has a few differences from the Masoretic text (as used today in all Hebrew Bibles and which most translations are based on). In the top line the word <strong>YHWH </strong>is underlined, this is the name of God. In the <strong>Masoretic text the word</strong> <strong>adonai</strong><strong>is used instead</strong>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In the bottom line, near the middle [of the Dead Sea Scroll Isaiah] is the word v'qara meaning "he will call". In the Masoretic text this word is written as v'qarat meaning "she will call". </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">I don't know Hebrew, so I am reporting this here. If Mr. Benner is wrong, any reader who thinks so should notify me.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Encyclopedia on Yahweh & When Stopped Pronouncing It</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>The Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 7, pages 680-682, sums it all up: </strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<blockquote style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span>
|
||||
<p style="color: black; padding-left: 30px;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><big style="font-weight: bold;">YHWH.</big> <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">The personal name of the God of Israel is written in the Hebrew Bible with the four consonants yhwh and is referred to as the "Tetragrammaton". At least until the destructions of the First Temple in 586 b.c.e., this name was regularly pronounced with its proper vowels</span>, as is clear from the *Lachish Letters, written shortly before that date. <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">But at least by the third century b.c.e., the pronunciation of the name yhwh was avoided, and Adonai, "the Lord", was substituted for it, as evidenced by the use of the Greek word Kyrios, "Lord", for yhwh in the Septuagint</span>, the translation of the Hebrew Scriptures that was begun by Greek-speaking Jews in that century. <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">Where the combined form *Adonai yhwh occurs in the Bible, this was read as *Adonai *Elohim, "Lord God</span>". In the early Middle Ages, when the consonantal text of the Bible was supplied with vowels points to faciliate its correct traditional reading, the vowel points for 'Adonai with one variation - a sheva with the first yodof YHWH instead of the hataf-patah under the aleph of 'Adonai7 were used for YHWH, thus producing the form Yehowah. When Christian scholars of Europe first began to study Hebrew, they did not understand what this really meant, and they introduced the hybrid name "Jehovah". <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">In order to avoid pronouncing even the sacred name *Adonai for YHWH, the custom was later introduced of saying simply in Hebrew ha-Shem (or Aramaic Shemc, "the Name") even in such an expression as "Blessed be he that cometh in the name of YHWH" (Ps. 118:26</span>).</span></p>
|
||||
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><big></big></span>
|
||||
<p style="color: black; padding-left: 30px;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><big style="font-weight: bold;">THE PROHIBITION OF USE OF THE NAMES OF GOD</big><big style="font-weight: bold;">.</big> <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">The prohibition applies both to the pronunciation of the name of God and its committal to writing</span>, apart from its use in sacred writings.<span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">The prohibition against the pronunciation of the name of God applies only to the Tetragrammaton</span>, which could be pronounced by the high priest only once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies (cf. Mishnah Yoma 6:2), and in the Temple by the priests when they recited the Priestly Blessings (Sot. 7:6; see also Ch. Albeck (ed.), Seder Nashim (1954), 387). <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">As the Talmud expresses it: "Not as I am written am I pronounced. I am written yod he vav he, and I am pronounced alef dalet" (nun yod, i.e., Adonai; Kid. 71a)</span>.</span></p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">First Trend Not to Speak Yahweh's Name</span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In the 3rd century before Christ, the teaching began among followers of Simon the Just to not speak God's true name out loud -- but do not confuse this fact with believing this was universal or dominant by the 3d century.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Thus, <em>The Jewish Encyclopedia </em>of 1901, Volume 11, page 353, points out that this was the turning point, namely the exact time when the notion began to no longer pronounce the Name Yahweh.</span></p>
|
||||
<blockquote style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span>
|
||||
<p style="color: black; padding-left: 30px;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><big>SIMEON THE JUST</big> (<span data-mce-mark="1"><img src="http://www.yahweh.com/images/yahweh/simeon.jpg" alt="" style="width: 105px; height: 15px;" /></span>): High priest. He is identical either with Simeon I. (<span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">310-291 or 300-271 b.c.</span>), son of Onias I., and grandson of Jaddua, or with Simeon II. (219-199 b.c.), son of Onias II... <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">After Simeon's death men ceased to utter the tetragrammaton aloud</span> (Yoma 30b; Tosef Sotah. xiii.).</span></p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><big><br /></big></strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><big><small></small></big></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><big><small><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The Babylonian Talmud</span></small></big><big style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3em;"><small>,</small></big><big style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3em;"><small> <span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Tractate Yoma, page 39b, also verifies that it was upon the death of Simeon the Righteous, that all Israel began to no longer pronounce the Name Yahweh.</span></small></big></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<blockquote style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; color: black;">
|
||||
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><small><big>...</big><big><span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">When Simeon the Righteous died</span>, with many indications that such glory was no more enjoyed, <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">his brethren no more dared utter the Ineffable Name</span>...</big></small></span></div>
|
||||
<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><big></big></span></blockquote>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Kiddushin, page 71a, also explains that the Name Yahweh was prior to the death of Simeon the Just pronounced among those thought most pious: </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-weight: bold;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<blockquote style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><big></big></span>
|
||||
<p style="color: black; padding-left: 30px;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><big><span data-mce-mark="1"><small>Our <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">Rabbis taught</span>: At first [Yahweh's] <span style="text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">Name used to be entrusted to all people. When unruly men increased, it was confided to the pious of the priesthood</span></small></span></big></span></p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;" align="justify"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-weight: bold;" data-mce-mark="1"></span><span data-mce-mark="1"><small><big></big></small></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><small><big><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 9, pages 162-163, not only confirms this fact, but it shows the strict prohibition and warning to all those who do not adhere to it.</span></big></small></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 14pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1"><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; color: black; text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Charis SIL', charis, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; padding-left: 30px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The restriction upon communicating the Name </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; color: black;" data-mce-mark="1">proper probably originated in Oriental etiquette; in the East even a teacher was not called by name. For naming his master Elisha, Gehazi was punished with leprosy (II Kings viii. 5; Sanh. 100a). </span><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; color: black; text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">After the death of the high priest Simeon the Righteous, forty years prior to the destruction of the Temple, the priests ceased to pronounce the Name (Yoma 39b). From that time the pronunciation of the Name was prohibited. "Whoever pronounces the Name forfeits his portion in the future world" (Sanh. xi. 1)</span><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; color: black;" data-mce-mark="1">. Hananiah ben Teradion was </span><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; color: black; text-decoration: underline;" data-mce-mark="1">punished for teaching his disciples the pronunciation of the Name</span><span style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; color: black;" data-mce-mark="1"> (`Ab. Zarah 17b).</span></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"> Source: <a href="http://www.yahweh.com/The-Name-Of-Yahweh.html">Yahweh.com</a></span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">First Use of Yahweh in Bible</span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Most people assume Genesis is the first book of the Bible, and here is when Yahweh first revealed His name. However, this is the first time Yahweh revealed His name to Moses. However, the first book of the Bible was the Book of Job. Moses took this book which was 500 years old approximately at the time Moses rewrote it, and finalized it as Holy Scripture, as Jewish tradition teaches. Here is the first use of Yahweh in holy writings, as M.J. Mahood explains, and it begins in Job:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Job 12:9-10 [is] where one finds in the dialogues the only mention of Yahweh. "Who does not know from all these that the <em><strong>hand of Yahweh has made this</strong></em>? That from His hand is every living thing, and the spirit of the flesh is His donation?" (M.J. Mahood, International Congress for Study of Old Testament, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLNDUDGTOz4C&lpg=PA90&ots=aFrAGo8EPp&dq=yahweh%20in%20italiano&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q=yahweh%20in%20italiano&f=false">p. 90</a>.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 40px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 28px; color: #2e496a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Study Aids</span></h1>
|
||||
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah">Jah</a>," Wikipedia<br />"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallelujah">Hallelujah</a>" Wikipedia<br />"<a href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/imaging/negev/Names.html">The Names of God</a>," -- photo plates of early archaelogical examples of YAHWEH. </span></div>
|
||||
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">David Breetzke, <a href="http://scripturaltruth101.blogspot.com/2013/02/nehemia-gordon-and-name-of-yehovah.html">Nehemiah Gordon and the Name of Yehovah</a> (2013) - criticizes view that Yahweh is really Yehovah.</span></div>
|
||||
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
|
||||
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></div>
|
||||
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Other websites devoted to topic:</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.bibletruth.cc/GodsName.htm">http://www.bibletruth.cc/GodsName.htm</a> -- very analytical. </span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Bibles That Use YHVH</span></strong></span></div>
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||||
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">There is no dispute that YHVH are the Hebrew letters for Yahweh's name. If you would like to know when they are present, regardless of the correct pronunciation, the World English Bible provides this each of the 7000 times YHVH appears. You will find the WEB at this<a href="http://jesuschrist.com/bible/"> link</a>.</span></div>
|
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<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"> When the WEB for the Original Testament is read outloud on Librivox -- available at this <a href="https://archive.org/details/bible_web_old_testament_0901_librivox2">weblink</a> -- it it spoken as YAHWEH. For the New Testament with the same use of Yahweh inferred where likely, the audio version of WEB is available at this <a href="https://archive.org/details/web_new_testament_0811_librivox1">weblink.</a></span></div>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; line-height: 1.3em;"><em style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: large; color: black; line-height: normal;"> </em></em></span></p>
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<div class="moduleS1">
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<div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<h3>Recommendations</h3>
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<p><a href="/home/14-audio/401-music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
|
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<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jwoogm-20?node=1&page=2">What Did Jesus Say?</a> (2012) - 7 topics </p>
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<p>None above affiliated with me</p> </div>
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<h1><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Bible Lesson On Debt</span></h1>
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<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Introduction</span></strong></span></h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Deuteronomy 28:12 says Israel will not be a borrower nation:</strong></span></p>
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<blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>“</strong>The Lord will open for you His good storehouse, the heavens, to give rain to your land in its season and to bless all the work of your hand; and you shall lend to many nations, but <em><strong>you shall not borrow</strong></em>.”</span></p>
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</blockquote>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">Deut 15:6 likewise says: “For the LORD your God will bless you as He has promised you, and you will lend to many nations, but <strong><em>you will not borrow</em></strong>; and you will rule over many nations, but they will not rule over you." </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="mainlevel" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">However, some Christian commentators apparently ignorant of this verse say God does not disapprove of God's people borrowing:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="mainlevel" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Bible neither expressly forbids nor condones the borrowing of money. ("<a href="http://www.gotquestions.org/money-debt.html">What Does The Bible Say About A Christian going into debt?</a>").</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="mainlevel"><span class="mainlevel" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1">Let's see whether the Bible gives more direction on this important topic.</span></span></p>
|
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<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Debt is Slavery</span></strong></span></h2>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"The rich rules over the poor, And the<strong><em> borrower becomes the lender's slave</em></strong>." (Prov. 22:7.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Even though God discourages borrowing, God wants us to lend to others.</strong> (Deuteronomy 15:6, 28:12, Matthew 5:42)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>If we do borrow (when we are discouraged from doing so), we are required to pay back what we borrowed.</strong> (Psalm 37:21, Ecclesiastes 5:4). The only exception is when we are entitled to enjoy the Biblical equivalent of bankruptcy -- the discharge of all debts every seven years. Deut. 15:1.</span></p>
|
||||
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Charging Interest</span></strong></span></h2>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Charging any interest is prohibited in the Bible, at least among Israelites. (See next section "Debt & Interest in Judaism".)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Interest could be charged non-Israelites and the purpose was to help the poor. Proverbs <a href="http://biblia.com/bible/esv/Proverbs%2028.8">28:8</a> says:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="lang-en" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">8 Whoever multiplies his wealth by <em><strong>interest</strong></em> and profit gathers it for him who is generous to the poor</span></p>
|
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<p class="lang-en"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span class="co_VerseNum" data-mce-mark="1">In <a href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9987/jewish/Chapter-23.htm">Deut 23:21</a> (Tanach) says: "</span><span class="co_VerseText" data-mce-mark="1">You may [however,] give interest to a foreigner, but to your brother (Israelite)<strong><em> you shall not charge interest</em></strong>, in order that the Lord, your God, shall bless you in every one of your endeavors on the land to which you are coming to possess." (<a href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9987/jewish/Chapter-23.htm">Tanach by Chabad.org</a>.) See <a href="http://bible.cc/deuteronomy/23-20.htm">Deut. 23:20</a> from NIV, NLT, etc. at bible.cc.</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="lang-en"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism">Loans and Interest</a>" in Wikipedia, it says this emphatically:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="lang-en" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Another significant loophole in the law was the biblical <strong>permission to charge interest on loans to non-Israelites</strong>.....</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="lang-en"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, Jews, in reliance on this passage in Deuteronomy, believed by Medieval times that they could loan to Christian Kings while Christians had long adopted a law that no Christian could lend another Christian money at interest; it was a very serious sin and crime. (See "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism">Loans and Interest</a>," Wikipedia.) </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="lang-en"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This allowed Jewish money-lenders a virtual monopoly on this trade in Christian lands, which over time was used to cast them in a bad cultural light among Christians. But Jewish people were following Biblical principles. It was the Christians who did not follow the Bible who borrowed at interest from them despite the Bible not condoning God's people doing so. So the Christian borrowing at interest despite God's discouraging words was wrongly cast by Christians as a problem inflicted by Jews -- Christians expressing sour grapes that their financial problems were due to Jewish money lenders rather than their own fault for borrowing at interest.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="lang-en"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Regardless, what about Proverbs 28:8 where it says the one collecting interest does so for the poor? This may mean that God will take the interest from those who lend to others and give it to the poor. Thus, the one who multiplies his wealth by interest and profit will end up giving it to God who in turn gives it to the poor.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="lang-en"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The Law does clearly prohibit charging interest on one category of loans regardless of whether they were Gentile or a fellow-Israelite—those loans made to the poor (<a href="http://biblia.com/bible/esv/Leviticus%2025.35-38" target="_blank" class="lbsBibleRef" data-version="ESV" data-reference="Leviticus 25.35-38">Leviticus 25:35-38</a>)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Here is a discussion of Debt at this Christian website --</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="http://www.onemoneydesign.com/bible-debt-slavery/">http://www.onemoneydesign.com/bible-debt-slavery/</a> :</span></p>
|
||||
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Debt & Interest in Judaism</span></strong></span></h2>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In Wikipedia in its article entitled "Loans and Interest in Judaism," we read:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> encourage the granting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loans</a>, but <strong><em>only if it doesn't involve interest</em></strong>, with certain exceptions. Charging interest is classed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> as being among the worst sins<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup>, and is forbidden according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>. The Talmud dwells particularly on Ezekiel's condemnation of interest<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup>, where Ezekiel denounces it as an abomination, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a> portrays <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usurers</a> as people who have shed blood.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> expresses regulations against the charging of interest in <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Exodus&verse=22:25%E2%80%9327&src="/ rel="nofollow" class="external text">Exodus 22:25–27</a>, <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Leviticus&verse=25:36%E2%80%9337&src="/ rel="nofollow" class="external text">Leviticus 25:36–37</a> and <a href="http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Deuteronomy&verse=23:20%E2%80%9321&src="/ rel="nofollow" class="external text">Deuteronomy 23:20–21</a>. In Leviticus loans themselves are encouraged, whether of money or food, emphasizing that they enable the poor to regain their independence, but, like the other two places in the Bible, forbids the charging of interest on the loan<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Peake.27s_commentary_on_the_Bible-4">[5]</a></sup>. All three places state that the charging of interest is exploitative. In Exodus and Deuteronomy it is clear that it would be acceptable to charge interest on any loan to a non-Jew<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Peake.27s_commentary_on_the_Bible-4">[5]</a></sup>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Loans could be secured.</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Evidently the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secured_loan" title="Secured loan">secured loans</a> existed, as Exodus expressly prohibits using a particular <em>garment</em> as the security. The garment in question was a large cloth square, which the poor used for sleeping within, and hence the garment was needed to survive the cold nights<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Peake.27s_commentary_on_the_Bible-4">[5]</a></sup>; had it been offered as security, then this would have put at risk the very life of the debtor. The Deuteronomic verse expresses a similar concern for the security of the debtor's life, but rather than prohibiting a particular <em>garment</em> from becoming the security for a loan, prohibits instead the use of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstone</a>. The millstone was used to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>, and hence would be required for the manufacture of bread – a staple food among the poor; had the millstone been offered as security, the debtor would have been at risk of starvation.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Going beyond the Bible, Rabbinical teachings made the borrrower as guilty of the wrong as the creditor charging interest:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">According to the Talmud, the debtor would be as guilty as the lender, since it interprets one of the biblical verbs referring to <em>usury</em>, namely <em>tashshik</em><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup>, to be in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative voice</a><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-0">[1]</a></sup>; due to the Talmud's figurative interpretation of the <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifnei_iver" title="Lifnei iver">lifnei iver</a> </em>regulation, it even regards any witnesses to usury contracts, as well as the scribe writing the contract for the parties, to be as culpable for usury as the lender and debtor themselves<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-0">[1]</a></sup>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">But the Rabbinical lessons were that the creditor who does not charge interest could still sue for damages due to the delay for a payment:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">However, the Mishnah does permit the refusal to hand over something for which only partial payment has been received, if it had been sold on the terms that payment would be made by a certain date, and if that date has passed<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup>; in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="English Law">English Law</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">mortgage</a> was invented to take advantage of this exception. If witnesses support a claim that it had been agreed to repay a debt by a certain date, but they are proven to be lying and the correct repayment date to be different, then, according to the Mishnah, the false witnesses must pay the amount accrued due to the difference in value of the thing between the two dates<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup>.</span></p>
|
||||
<h1><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Debt & Slavery</span></strong></span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">First things first: when we say “slavery” and the Bible says “slavery,” we often mean very different things from the Bible concept. Our first thought of the word brings to mind the cruelties of the African Slave Trade. The atrocities of the 1600-1800s are an unthinkable stain on world history (and sadly, the Christians that supported it). Millions were caught up in the trading of men, women, and children into a life sentence of cruelty and forced labor. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The Bible does address this type of involuntary slavery in a prohibitionary way: <em>“<strong>He who kidnaps a man, whether he sells him or he is found in his possession, shall surely be put to death.”</strong> (Ex. 21:16)</em> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Plain and simple, anyone who stole another man/woman and sold them into slavery was to be put to death. This is the Biblical stance on <strong><em>chattel slavery.</em></strong> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Regrettably, Christians in this time period of history misused and distorted scripture to justify this type of slavery. Moving forward, we must recognize that the Bible’s use of the term “slavery” is often not what we think.</span></p>
|
||||
<h3><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">What is the Bible’s usage of the term?</span></strong></span></h3>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The best comparison in our vocabulary is the concept of <strong>indentured servitude</strong>. This is the reason more modern translations of the Bible replace the word “slave” with “servant.”</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Essentially, if a person was unable to pay their bills, then they must honor their debt by the sweat of their brow. This type of service had certain constraints on it in the Original Mosaic Testament Law, and—most importantly—the service was completed when the debt was repaid through labor. In light of this, we can begin to understand the famous (and sometimes infamous) proverb:<em> “The borrower becomes the lender’s slave.” (Prov 22:7, NASB).</em> This passage is literal. <em>It simply means what it says.</em> There is no metaphor hiding underneath Solomon’s words. He plainly states that the borrower will in fact become the lender’s slave in the event the debt cannot be paid off. Therefore, the Bible is describing a literal type of slavery (servant-hood, if you prefer) when debts could not be repaid.</span></p>
|
||||
<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">What does this mean for me?</span></strong></span></h3>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Aside from being a neat spiritual nugget to chirp out at our next Bible study, we must seek to apply this portion of God’s word to our life. <em>What principle, if any, is to be found in this passage for the contemporary Christian?</em> A simple answer is this: <strong>Debt will cause your productivity to belong to another.</strong> In biblical times, this was more of an all or nothing thing—slave or free. Today, however, the lines are a lot less clear. We fail to see that <em>debt places our productivity into the hands of our creditors</em>. Because this process is gradual, we lose sight of the fact that <em>as debt increases, our ownership of our own productivity decreases.</em> <strong>Our prosperity loses its potential</strong> to be invested in God’s kingdom as debt increases.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The further we trudge into debt, the more our efforts, income, and assets come under the ownership of our creditors. This could be everything from money going out in interest payments to garnished wages to liens on our possessions and properties. The more we leverage the more our resources belong to someone other than us. (I know God owns everything, but follow my argument here.) Bound by integrity and biblical instruction (Ps. 37:21), we must pay back what we have borrowed and thereby have little control or say as to where our money goes.<em> Our influence over our money has disappeared.</em> On the other hand, the further we get out of debt the more our freedom increases to invest in God’s kingdom. Our choices—to avoid debt or get into it—will have a remarkable effect on our freedom financially and beyond.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Finally, I want to share some wisdom from my father-in-law:</span></p>
|
||||
<div style="color: #000000; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: normal; margin-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">I found out that there are two ways to budget. I always thought that if I only could earn a little more and a little more, I would be able to save money. Then it finally dawned on me. What if I spend a little less. It would do the same thing. It took me a long time to learn that.</span></div>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">END.</span></p>
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<hr />
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></p>
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<h1><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">MISCELLANY</span></strong></span></h1>
|
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<h1><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Advice on Credit Cards</span></strong></span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">See this <a href="http://www.onemoneydesign.com/how-to-own-a-credit-card/">link</a>.</span></p>
|
||||
<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">DID YOU KNOW THE LAW ON DEBT NEGATIVELY AFFECTED EVANGELISM TOWARD JEWS?</span></h3>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">[I]n many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European countries</a>, medieval <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> also allowed the monarchs to automatically inherit any remaining income and property that had been acquired by usury, upon the death of the Jewish usurer involved<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-0">[1]</a></sup>. Medieval European monarchs thus supported the Jews, and suppressed any attempts to convert them to Christianity, since it would deprive the monarch of potential income<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-0">[1]</a></sup>; in England and France, the monarchs demanded compensation from the church for every Jew that was converted, and, until 1281, the English monarch had the legal right to claim half the property of any Jew that converted to Christianity<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-0">[1]</a></sup>. ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism">Loans and Interest in Judaism</a><em>," Wikipedia</em>.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">On National Economic Sins, including going into debt, see my<a href="/home/18-the-law-given-moses/450-duron-davis-on-national-economic-sin.html"> book review of Duron Davis' Obama's Prophet</a> -- an excellent and worthy fictional book to use with your childen or small Bible study groups.</span></p>
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|
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||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">To help with budgeting, try <a href="https://www.budgetsketch.com">https://www.budgetsketch.com</a><a href="https://www.budgetsketch.com"></a></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">To help on savings strategies, see <a href="http://www.dailyfinance.com/saving/">Daily Finance</a>.</span></p>
|
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<td valign="top" >How do you say, We are wise, and <strong><em>the law of Yahweh is with us</em></strong>? But <strong><em>the false pen</em></strong> of the <em><strong>scribes has wrought falsely</strong></em>. (Jer. 8:8.)</td>
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<div class="moduleS1">
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<div>
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<div>
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<div>
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<h3>Recommendations</h3>
|
||||
<p><a href="/home/14-audio/401-music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jwoogm-20?node=1&page=2">What Did Jesus Say?</a> (2012) - 7 topics </p>
|
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<p>None above affiliated with me</p> </div>
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</div>
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<span class="breadcrumbs pathway">
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Home</span>
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<p><span style="color: #333399; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 24pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span data-mce-mark="1">Websites & Videos To Visit</span></strong></span></p>
|
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<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Inspirational Videos</span></strong></span></h3>
|
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<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSf_PNquBHo">Butterfly Lesson</a> - YouTube video making point that without struggles we do not reach maturity </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrjIBmi8ass&feature=youtu.be">Love God and Keep the Commandments</a> - Video where Exodus 20:7 is sung by a young girl to beautiful music and who then later quotes the entire 10 commandments plus Jesus' command to love your neighbor as yourself. Just heartwarming! The Children shall lead us! </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTnWqB_unIA">Love God and Keep His Commandments</a> - Mrs. Mom Video series. Cites 1 John 5; John 14:16 ("If you love me, keep my commandments.") See Matt 22:37 (love God with whole mind, etc.) </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-Dl5dqLz5M&feature=youtu.be">Parable of the Unforgiving Servant</a> - dramatized (tells it without spin by Pauline pastors)</span></p>
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah3k1dhR-ag">Name of God</a> - youtube video presented by Karaite Jew Nehemiah Gordon and why Jews erroneously earlier were taught since 100s-400s not to print or utter the Name. He comes on after a brief introduction. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Incidentally, Gordon elsewhere contends the Holy Name is pronounced Yehovah, not Yahweh. However, I respectfully believe this is incorrect. See detailed critique of Gordon's arguments at <a href="http://scripturaltruth101.blogspot.com/2013/02/nehemia-gordon-and-name-of-yehovah.html">Scriptural Truth Blogspot</a>. Essentially, Gordon would be correct if YHVH was a "conjunction word" or "composite word" (which Gordon calls "compound word"), but it is not. YHVH is a single word. As a compound word, the implied vowels would allide (blend) from an A sound to a EH sound. In a non-compound word, such as YHVH, the YH keeps its same full pronunciation as when it appears at the end of a compound word. So ALLELUYAH -- a compound word -- proves YH at end would at the start of a non-compound word be similarly pronounced YAH. Hence, in YHVH, the first part is clearly pronounced YAH, not YEH. Then if Gordon were correct, and one treats the last letter H as a suffix to a compound word, then the accent (under Hebrew grammar) is upon that last syllable. In that case, the end would be pronounced UVAH, not OVAH. But YHVH is not a composed / compound word, and thus it is neither UVAH nor OVAH at the end.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">My own review makes me confident that the single non-composite word is pronounced Yahweh. This is also the view of the Jewish Encyclopedia, so who is better to know the truth than the Jewish Encylopedia? See <a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/134-yahweh.html">link.</a></span></p>
|
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<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fc8qOXeTsUQ&feature=g-vrec&context=G206bcd9RVAAAAAAAABQ">The Visual Bible - Gospel of Matthew</a> - over 4 hours --- high quality presentation on YouTube</span></p>
|
||||
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|
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<p> </p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
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<p> </p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="line-height: 21px;" data-mce-mark="1">You Tube, </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 24pt;"><span data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jMPvmHavnI&feature=youtu.be&a" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Jesus Words Only</a></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span data-mce-mark="1"><span style="line-height: 21px;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="line-height: 21px;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="line-height: 21px;" data-mce-mark="1">- a video of a professional audio of Jesus's sayings. Wonderful!</span></span></span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">You Tube, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ixd0J5GqC4">92 Year Old Woman Stops Attacker with God's Word</a> - uplifting</span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Jay Greenberg, <a href="http://www.flixxy.com/12-year-old-music-prodigy.htm#.UY6EdrWIPyD">12 Years Old Child Prodigy</a> - 60 Minutes 9 min 22 seconds -- his inspiration comes fully formed for classic orchestral pieces he cannot even play but can write. This will provoke your thought about a Genius who is outside our reality who can and will do beneficent miracles in our world. Plus Jay is a nice Jewish boy.</span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Unnamed pastor preaches <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5yvc3_qqiM">The Sissified Jesus</a> -YouTube- condemning modern preaching that does not warn about our sin, and against those who preach that Jesus has no judgment for anyone.</span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">David Platt, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wr-RvWSH9ng&list=PLDvQ95fzK7CCPNuFucOMyTD1VExqVMtj8">Follow Me</a> (You Tube Jan. 2013) - criticizing that the confession of the sinner's prayer saves you.</span></p>
|
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|
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<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">David Platt, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPhEEzjU8xQ">Why "Accepting Jesus in your heart" is superstitious and misleading</a> (You Tube, April 2012) - warns that millions are deluded they are Christians because they said the sinner's prayer which is nowhere exemplified in Holy Scripture.</span></p>
|
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|
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<p> </p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">David Platt, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBBnOiydejA">Repenting of Sin and Returning to God</a> (You Tube video, Aug. 29, 2011). Platt shows the context of the quote Paul lifted to teach "call on the name of the Lord" and "be saved" -- read by most to prove salvation is by a sinner's prayer -- was taken from the book of Joel 2:28-32, but in context it meant a repenting people who were fasting. See <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joel+1%3A13-14&version=NIV">Joel 1:13-14</a> (a call to lamentation / repentance). Platt closes with a sermon call to conversion by repentance from sin. He is using a correct first step, and this would be good for deluded Christian people who have never heard a non-Pauline Gospel. I would add Peter quotes Joel 2:28-32 the same way as does Platt -- in a plea for repentance from sin and turning to the Father, and His annointed One, Jesus, in <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+2">Acts 2:14-41</a>. Hence, Platt is trying to correct the application of Paul's teaching in <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=romans+10&version=NIV">Romans 10:13</a>. Platt does not acknowledge Paul may be responsibile for wrongfully ignoring the context of Joel, or whether Paul does in fact teach faith alone. For in Romans 10, Paul criticizes Jews who "sought to establish their own righteousness" -- which is not an error but taught in Deut. 6:25 (our obedience is deemed justification). Platt deals with Paul's words in Romans 10 first at minute 28. He says Paul teaches we are to trust in Christ, but then does not try to tell us Paul teaches faith-alone in Romans 10. So we are at a loss to know why Platt can ignore Paul, and not try to explain away Romans 10 in some fashion. In fact, in Romans 10, Paul quotes the Septuagint of Isaiah 28:16 that is rendered by Paul as whoever "believes in him will not be put to shame." But this is a Septuagint mistranslation upon which Paul relies. The verse says in the original Hebrew: "<span data-mce-mark="1">So this is what the Sovereign LORD says: "See, I lay a stone in Zion, a tested stone, a precious cornerstone for a sure foundation; the one who <em><strong>relies on it</strong></em> will never be stricken with <em><strong>panic</strong></em>." (Isaiah 28:16, NIV) So to "rely upon" Jesus, in the true translation, implies to follow and obey. Thus, the change of Isaiah 28:16 by Paul to "believe in" means just that -- faith alone, and "you will be saved." Hence, Platt is leaving open the question of why is he ignoring Paul's meaning. I would say Paul is uninspired, and that is why we must follow Jesus' warnings, and Peter's better example in Acts 2:14-41. On more about the mistranslation in the Septuagint text in Isaiah 28:16, and Paul's misquote even of that Septuagint mistranslation to force faith-alone into the prophet's mouth, see our article <a href="/home/1-jwo/568-isaiah-2816-another-septuagint-mistranslation.html">Isaiah 28:16, Another Septuagint Mistranslation.</a></span></span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T5MDVgGm0s&feature=youtu.be">Judgment Day: Judgment by Works </a>-- video exposition by host of <a href="http://www.thetrinitydelusion.com/">The Trinity Delusion website</a> -- on proof texts of judgment by works as salvation-contingent requirement, citing Eccl 12:13-14 (God bring all works into judgment, whether good or evil); Matthew 16:27 (repay every man according to his works); Acts 17:30-31 (Jesus will judge the world in righteousness); Romans 14:10-12 (all men appear before judgment seat of Christ, and give account); 1 Peter 1:17 (God will judge each man according to his work, impartially, and thus Peter exhorts us to live in reverent fear); 2 Cor. 5:10-12 (Christians will be judged for each work, whether good or evil; knowing fear of Lord, we persuade men); Rev. 22:12 (I come quickly to recompense to all men according to what he has done); Rev. 20:11-12 (white throne judgment, all are judged by works written in the books; if not written in book of life, thrown in lake of fire); Matt 25:31-46 (Parable of the sheep and the goats). </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://youtu.be/dfwyJl9bmEI">Proof that NT Does Not Replace the Old Testament</a> by Torah Life Ministries - He shows Jesus says in Matthew 7 that false prophets are assessed by their "works" -- and in same context Jesus says this is not by signs and wonders - prophecies, miracles and casting out demon -- but by whether you "do the will of God." Then Jesus ties this to Torah when Jesus concludes those who are false prophets are identified by disobedience to Torah, and not whether they did signs and wonders of miracles, prophecies and exorcisms. This video author does not explain what proof Jesus in Greek is saying "disobedience to Torah" - in English "work lawlessness," but the author is correct the word here means "break Torah." Jesus says he will telll signs and wonders prophets that "I never knew you" because you work "anomia" NOMOS meaning Torah. A is a negative prefix. You who work negation of Torah, Jesus will tell, "I never knew you." </span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jv2FWDpRl4&feature=youtu.be">What If Everything You Were Taught About Grace Were Untrue</a> - a heartfelt appeal by video, using Jesus's words, such as in Matthew 18:8 about heaven maimed or hell whole - to warn people about the false cheap grace gospel.</span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQoPkaYATRE">Pauline Christians v Red Letter Christians</a> - author finds verses where Paul lines up with Jesus at various points, and says we need to avoid conflict if possible between Jesus and Paul. To that end, the author cites Peter's letter commenting on being careful with Paul's writings, as many misunderstand them. (2 Peter 3:16-19.) What follows are great exhortations to seek holiness. The author does not prove all Paul's words reconcile with Jesus, but otherwise the author gives a generally wise lesson.</span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Brother Yara-Shalam. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TF5tfcgYPoA&feature=youtu.be">The Bible Trap of Paul's Epistles</a> (You Tube)(Taken Down due to alleged copyright violation)(God sent Paul as a test, as Paul always gives two options -- one lawless and one lawful -- so God can see your heart.) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=605Cx-lSH0U">The Bible Trap of Paul's Epistles </a>- part 2 entitled the Pork Deception (YouTube) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGdkUCroiCM&feature=youtu.be">The Bible Trap of Paul's Epistles</a> - part 3 Pork Deception Part 2 (YouTube), <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhzGJFS6YdI&feature=youtu.be">The Sunday Deception</a> - part 4 in effect of 'the Paul trap' <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY1vwF-Y0_o">Tithing Deception</a> (You Tube)(brother shows tithe was on food, not wages) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIv_d0LVAjM">The Rapture Deception</a> (YouTube)(evil persons taken away and 'raptured' (cut out) of the earth; the rapture Jesus spoke about was of the evil, not God's people). While I don't yet know whether it has serious validity, Brother Yara-Shalam in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GE2pDR9l754&t=3266s">The Conspiracy of The Hidden Identity of Blacks</a> (YouTube) has an intriguing discussion that the East African slave trade primarily took the Ebo tribe who followed Jewish customs to the Americas, and this tribe were descendants of Israelites. </span></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Yada Yahweh <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcaE-6uOkJY&feature=youtu.be">To Believe Paul Must Reject Jesus</a> - at 5 min, discusses Paul's claim in Galatians that others were "pretending" to be apostles of Jesus, implicitly about the 12 apostles. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEqVPbBnqBA">Jesus' Words v Paul's Words</a> - Keeping Watch 95. A great detailed exposition of contradictions between </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Jesus and Paul. Many more than I have exposed. Over 1 hour. <a href="/Share%20this%20video%20https:/youtu.be/hrmeG4s2gTA">Paul v Jesus</a> - Keeping Watch, 4 min. Very good.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIvWf2CFWjo&feature=em-subs_digest">Truth or Paul by 4th Day</a> at Keeping Watch 95 - short 17 minute video on God's test by false prophet who teaches inconsistent with Law & Testimony (10 Commandments) with signs and wonders, per Deut 13:1-11 and Isaiah 8:20.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZM7tiKbqfao&list=PLqQZv0zrAYKDTowYXSnb-qoaABhVd0MTh">Paul: Problems with Paul</a> - 39 videos...a treasure trove of analysis. I haven't looked at yet, but plan to do so. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://youtu.be/6WoHjE3Xb0o">Was Paul A Fake Apostle by Bible Truth</a> (2018) This is a 4 hour audio that from what I have listened to so far is based on articles on our site, with some independent additional research. I am looking forward to listening, and learning from author more. Very good so far. Her web channell is called Bible Truth. I am very hopeful her work will be good and encouraging for those who have a JWO orientation. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://youtu.be/2oSX5wKZFvM">Paul v Paul</a> - YouTube showing Paul's self-contradictions. </span></p>
|
||||
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|
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<p> </p>
|
||||
<p> </p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">General Sermons I Like</span></strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Brethren Church in the USA traces back to the non-Pauline Brethren of Europe. It has a great emphasis on Jesus, and following Jesus. See their <a href="http://www.brethren.org/about/beliefs.html">Beliefs</a> from brethren.org. So I am now beginning to investigate whether this is a valid Church to recommend to adopters of the JWO principle. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The very first sermon I listened to -- October 20, 2013 -- was great. It was about Luke's account of the people pressing Jesus at the lake's edge, Jesus getting in the boat, asking Peter to take the boat further out, and there is a big catch. The sermon sees insights into this passage that are not visible on the surface, and thus is very motivating spiritually. So please listen-watch <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0rE8scUIRM">Ben Barlow's sermon for the Brethren Spring 2013 Conference</a> from You Tube.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">There is a <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/ChurchOfTheBrethren/videos">link</a> to 54 more YouTube videos from the Brethren Church. I am hoping they are equally Christ-focused. If you want to check out a Brethren Church, here is their <a href="http://www.brethren.org/church/">official search engine</a> to find their churches across the USA. They also do <a href="https://new.livestream.com/livingstreamcob">live streaming</a> at 5 pm Pacific on Sundays. I am going to start adding this to my worship time to do Berean testing. Their <a href="http://www.brethren.org/webcasts/">webcast archives</a> are at this link.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">A Presbyterian pastor you may like is at this link...especially those sermons only dealing with Jesus: <a href="http://visittrinitycovenant.org/sermons">http://visittrinitycovenant.org/sermons#</a></span></p>
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<h3><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Choose Jesus Over Paul Videos </span></strong></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">A young man named Steven passionately and intelligently put up during two lunch breaks at work two great short videos while his friend records. He very effectively uses an easel. His theme is to choose Jesus over Paul. It is to live outside your comfort zone of attending a 'church,' of enjoying a position at church, etc. The young man was amazing. It is in two parts -- here is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQu2JUDACyM&feature=youtu.be">part one</a>, and here is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiLmxvLOHq0&feature=youtu.be">part two</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;">Rich in Spirit - False Apostle Paul, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8xrXcF0yd8&feature=youtu.be">Part 1</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jmuZAJMKBs&feature=youtu.be">Part 2</a> (2015) I like much of what she says, but I disagree with her rejection of Jesus' death as a sacrifice for our sins (as is clear to me in Isaiah 53 and Jesus' words at the Last Supper). See video # 1 at 2:30-57. On the other hand, I do find her astute about Constantine potentially altering the NT, and censoring dissent, to establish his doctrines. See video #1 at 4:30 et seq. I have not listened to any of her other videos. I see she thinks there are specific prophecies about her race "The Future of the Negros." I hope it is sensible, but I have not had time to listen to her other works yet. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZCHOKhYxUCP6Zlyv0YvX0A">Ive Ministerio</a>. An excellent video series in 8 parts entitled the False Apostle Paul. Each is 4 hours + long. Before listening, one might be skeptical that one could sustain over 30 hours of critical analysis on Paul's validity. But he does a very thorough and excellent exposition on many passages. I particularly liked his exposition on Romans 7 and 10 in part 2. Here are the 5 parts: Paul the Liar and False Apostle - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3n49nhyg1Q">part 1</a>; <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJU8Ash6iDo">part 2</a>; <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXq3C06lrZ8">part 3</a>; <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtKZnGMLa3g">part 4</a>; <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkhAOaWaHOg">part 5</a>; <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMH3SPufaNo">part 6</a>; <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zca-q1RNQKU">part 7</a>; and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqiGiIH6-64">part 8</a>. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;">At Part 1, 52 minutes, the video speaker does a great exposition on Matthew 7:15-23. He explains that many will come in Jesus' name includes false apostles, even though they preach in "my name" and cast out demons in Jesus' name, and did many wonderful works, like epistles, etc., but Jesus will say "I never knew you." It is not they knew Jesus and fell away; Jesus is going to say he 'never' knew them. The worker of "iniquity" more literally means one who break the Law of God. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;">Interesting new points not found elsewhere include that at 49:55 of part 1, he points out that if Jesus intended the disciples to know he would send another Apostle to preach primarily to the Gentiles, Jesus would have prophesied of that truth. Instead, as he later points out, Matthew 5:17-19 is a negative prophecy of the least or small one -- the meaning of the name Paul -- that instead was subtly placed as a warning prophecy about Paul. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;">Eden Cultures, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Bt2PtJRKHk">Nailed to a Cross (God's law)</a>? - Paul says so. Young lady believes in Yahshua, son of Yahweh. She believes OT, Jesus including Revelation are proper authority. Paul contradicts Jesus on idol meats.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">The Way - Online Radio Program that Airs in Tampa.</span></strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Brother John had hosted a radio program in which he has demonstrated a JWO heart, even over Paul when contradictory. Brother John had a touching focus on "Yashua's" words over Paul's. He endorses the Law, including the Sabbath, but also the higher law of Love in its application that Brother John explains is his view of several teachings of Jesus. Their website was for The Way but the present link appears others took over the radio show who now follow Paul and teach how to gain tax exempt status and start a church. See present <a href="http://www.wtis1110.com/the-way/">link</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">In the <a href="/images/stories/Audio/2014-02-25_TheWay_Archive_edit_final.mp3"><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1">linked MP3</span></a> that I made from an edit to remove commercials/news, you will hear a great appeal by Brother John of JWO, and dispels someone whose heart is not sunk deeply into Jesus / Yahshua's teaching yet. </span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;"><strong> </strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Good Sites With Caution</span></strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Judah's Back: Changes Paul into Pro-Law Teacher But Otherwise A Good Place to Study</span></span></strong></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">This video claims Paul never taught to go against the Law. (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFiuuvADXOM&feature=youtu.be" style="color: #517291; text-decoration: underline;">Video 2:19</a>.)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">This will be the common way those who love both Paul's words and the Law will tie both together. They will try to deflect the view that Paul said the Law was abrogated. The video author claims Paul taught grace so we would not sin against the Law but to receive forgiveness. That would be nice, if true. But the speaker does not deal with Paul's anti-law verses. He is arguably correct that Paul never "blatantly said to break the <strong>Highest</strong> Laws." That is if you assume this video commentator means what Jesus called the greatest command in Mark 5 - "the Lord our God is one" from Deut 6:4. But Paul negates both big and small laws, e.g., Paul loosens the law against eating meat sacrificed to idols (<a href="/home/1-jwo/554-idol-meat-issue-paul-versus-jesus.html">link</a>); Paul loosens the right of widows, regardless of age, to charity (<a href="/home/1-jwo/99-paul-women-and-sex.html">link</a>#1;<a href="/home/1-jwo/578-evil-immoral-commands-from-paul.html"> link</a> #2); Paul says one should not seek marriage as this distracts one from God, negating Genesis 2:8 that marriage is good for companionship (<a href="/home/1-jwo/589-paul-knocks-marriage-in-1-corinthians-7.html">link</a>); etc. </span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Yet, indeed, these may not be the "highest laws," and it seems the video commentator carefully chose his words.</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">However, arguably because Paul loosened all the commands of the Law, and said they were all done away with, it leaves us to think Paul conceived of no exception for even the command in Mark 5 -- what Jesus said was the "highest law." Paul does not repeat it. </span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The video commentator's proof that Paul did not do away with the law is weak. He cites Acts 9:27 where Paul debated the Greeks. The video commentator says this implies Paul only criticizes Pagan beliefs. But that does not logically follow. Regardless, I like his intention to say that we must set aside the notion that the Law is void, whether because Paul supposedly does not abrogate the law, or for reasons I give on this website. Hence, a good result follows from his approach, even though I don't think it has a good foundation that Paul was pro-Law. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Prayer Encouragement</span></strong></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">I like his lesson online about how to pray: 3x a day, standing or kneeling; including Daniel who shut his door and knelt 3x per day. See this </span><a href="http://www.gatheringofchrist.org/how-to-pray/comment-page-1/#comment-272" style="color: #517291; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"> to a 6/6/2014 study. I especially like his guidelines on prayer so I will excerpt here:</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 2.4rem 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; orphans: 4; color: #222222; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">How did the Hebrews pray?</strong></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">1.) Hebrews prayed at least three times a day (Dan. 6:10; Psa. 55:17) </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">2.) Towards Jerusalem (Dan. 6:10; 1Kings 8th chapter; 2Chron.6:18-39) </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">3.) With spread forth hands (1Tim. 2:8; 1Kings 8:54;2Chron. 6:13; Psa. 134:2; Psa. 28:2; Psa 63:4; Psa. 141:2; Lam. 2:19; Lam.3:41) </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">4.) Either standing (1Kings 8:22); Kneeling (Dan. 6:10; 1Kings 8:54;2Chron. 6:13; Ezra 9:5; Psa. 95:6; Luke 22:41; Acts 20:36; Acts 21:5; Eph. 3:14); Or Face Toward the Earth (2Chron. 20:18; 2Chron. 7:3; Gen. 24:26; Exo. 4:31)</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 2.4rem 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; orphans: 4; color: #222222; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;">Can we pray more than three times a day? </strong></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Psa 119:164 Seven times a day do I praise thee because of thy righteous judgments. (Seven represents continually or infinitely) </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 2.4rem 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; orphans: 4; color: #222222; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"> Rick Warren has many constructive videos about prayer. See: </span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 2.4rem 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; orphans: 4; color: #222222; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">1. <a href="https://youtu.be/mp89-uvE1tA">Learn how to pray and fast for a breakthrough</a>. (Yes, he says at about 20 minute mark that a mere letter of Paul is "under inspiration of God," but this is still a good passage for edification.)<br /></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">Inspirational Websites</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.onediscipletoanother.org/">One Disciple To Another</a> website - emphasizes teachings of Jesus. Aware about Paul.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcjpPHJp_Wg">Bible Study cannot save you</a> (2011) -- only the Words of Jesus -- tells you that obeying Jesus' words is the path of life. Obeying Paul or anyone else is not the criteria of God's judgment.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.heisyah.com/">He Is Yah</a> -- Yahweh-Yahshua centric website with pointers to start worship of Yahweh once more, with links to great Yahweh-songs donated to public domain. Has article critical of Paul.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://thepathtolight.com/About_Us.html">Path to Light</a> -- A Jesus-centric (no Paul) online ministry with articles on general inspirational topics</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Links to studies on Paul at <a href="http://www.tshuva.us/Paul/resources.html">http://www.tshuva.us/Paul/resources.html</a></span></p>
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<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">Websites & Videos on Why To Not Listen To Paul</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Yahda Yahweh, <a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/yada/2013/03/22/shabat-scripture-study">Shabbat Scripture Study</a> (audio file playable online recommended to me March 2013). Narrator says "warnings by God about Paul" is an important issue. This studies Paul's baptism in Acts 19 on those who had been followers of John. Here is a webpage I prepared with the same radio link, and the radio notes that belong to it: <a href="/home/1-jwo/474-acts-19-what-this-implies-about-paul.html">Shabbat Study on Acts 19</a>.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Paul - the Self-Proclaiming Apostle - (Repairing the Breach, 2010) - <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phQA62hHiLk&feature=relmfu">Part 1</a> and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UojIVF0p6Q0&feature=related">Part 2</a> (videos)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">The Porkchop Series is insightful -- <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-OLihL0bx8&list=UUb829D4CfSU242T7MF358LA&index=4&feature=plcp">Part 1</a> - highlights contradiction in vision accounts (videos).</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"Spies & Apostles" (Discovery Channel 2010) - brief highlights. See this <a href="/home/1-jwo/357-spies-a-apostles-on-history-channel.html">link</a> discussion.</span></p>
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||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"<a href="http://questioningpaul.com/Questioning_Paul-Galatians-01-Chrestus-Useful_Implement.Paul">Questioning Paul</a>" by CW (webpage).</span></p>
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<p> </p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Obadiah Johnson, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9NHpGT1gY8">Paul or Saul Contradicts Himself</a> (2/2014)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Obadiah Johnson, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7QbpEooqts">Paul Contradicts Our Heavenly Father</a> (3/2014)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Obadiah Johnson, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK1U0NVBnjM">Paul Contradicts Our Savior</a> (3/2014)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Obadiah Johnson, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn5jTHpeXyA">Paul Contradicts Our Lord's Apostles</a> (2/2014). He proves Paul did not have the qualifications that the 11 used to determine the 12th - one who trained all three years under Jesus. Matthias was added as the 12th in Acts 1:21-26 by the Holy Spirit. (4 min mark.)</span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">Sin City Preacher, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XPoDkrNDmQ">Refuting Paul Onlyism Part 1</a> (2015). Around the 10 minute mark, the speaker quotes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_A._Ironside">H.A. Ironside</a> (1876-1951) who refuted hyper-dispensationalism and Paul-onlyism, saying: "Having had most intimate acquaintenance with Bullingerism ... I have no hesitation that its fruit is evil. ...It has divided Christians, and wrecked assemblies. It has lifted up its votaries to an appalling extent, ... sown discord on missionary fields abroad. ...It is an absolutely Satanic perversion of the truth." Ironside is addressing Bullinger who was the first modern proponent of this notion -- even though it was Marcion in 140 AD who first said the same thing. Bullinger taught that Paul was the first to be truly saved in the new dispensation on the Road to Damascus. The YouTube at 29:42 says Bullingerism teaches the 12 apostles taught another gospel.</span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">Incidentally H.A. Ironside has a chapter on Ultra-Dispensationalism that addresses whether Paul is uniquely the only apostle. Ironside summarizes Ultra-Dispensationalim at this <a href="http://www.biblelineministries.org/onlinebooks/wrongly-dividing-the-word-of-truth/ch1.html">link</a> from a work entitled<em> Wrongly Dividing the Word of Truth</em>. </span></p>
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||||
<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1">For another critique of dispensationalism by A Voice in the Desert at this <a href="https://youtu.be/PgeW5NzrWwQ">link</a>.<br /></span></p>
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<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>Valid Teaching Ministries</strong></span></h3>
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||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">David Bercot, How Do We Harmonize James & Paul - You Tube - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ht3zUUm-FgU">Part 1</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ok-MlLY-x8Y">Part 2</a>. In part 1, Bercot discusses the error of interpreting Jesus by Paul, when it is just common sense to go to Jesus to learn his teaching. </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Bercot, Does God view our righteousness as filthy rags? <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8Ky-HKTBM8">Video link</a>. Bercot demonstrates Isaiah is praying, and this is not a prophetic statement by God. Bible speaks of actual righteous people based upon their works. He cites Cornelius as an example from Acts 10. </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Bercot, What Early Christians Believed About Predestination and Free-will - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXbXadet10k">Video Link</a>.</span></span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Steve Schlisell, Senior Pastor, Covenant Community Church in Brooklyn advances law v. faith correctly, as well as salvation. For this, Paulinists excoriate him because he ignores Paul. This is the clue he is on the right track. Here is a Paulinist page with many Schlisell quotes. If you ignore the erroneous critique, you will see a good message. So enjoy "<a href="http://theonomyresources.blogspot.com/2010/09/beware-of-steve-schlissel.html">Beware Steve Schlisell</a>."See also Schlissel's own argument on <a href="http://www.messiahnyc.org/ArticlesDetail.asp?id=103">Law and Faith</a>. </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">His church's website is at this</span><a href="http://www.messiahnyc.org/staff.asp" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;"> link</a><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">. Unfortunately, Schlissel still believes in Paul and defends God lies in reliance upon Paul, citing 1 Thessalonians where Paul says God will send a "delusion." (See </span><a href="http://www.messiahnyc.org/media/img/media6-22.mov" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">video</a><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">.) Schlissel also relies upon Calvin's favorite passage from 1 Kings where Micaiah, a prophet, said God sent a lie, but I believe this only proved Micaiah was a false prophet. It does not truly prove God lies. Hence, you must be on guard about Schlissel because he still believes Paul is a valid teacher that God lies, as the Reformed churches have long believed.</span></span></p>
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<hr />
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">John MacArthur (generally) - <a href="http://www.kkla.com/ministryaudio/grace-to-you/">grace to you broadcasts in MP3</a> Grace to you - <a href="http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/grace-to-you/listen/responding-to-gods-word-252508.html">Archives</a>. I do not, of course, agree with much of what MacArthur teaches. Yet, there is still value in much of what he teaches -- more so than strict Paulinists. MacArthur teaches a version of 'faith alone' that requires submission to Jesus and obedience to Him. And thus it is not a true 'faith alone' position, but 'faith plus' in keeping with Bonhoeffer, Kierkegaard and other modern critics of the salvation doctrine of the modern church.</span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Paul Washer, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuabITeO4l8">A Shocking Sermon </a>- 2002 (you tube) - claims the greatest modern heresy is that we are saved by saying a prayer to have Jesus coming into our heart. He says instead salvation is by faith alone, <strong><em>preceded and followed by repentance.</em> </strong>(Such a salvation formula only starts and ends with repentance and thus is not truly a faith alone doctrine.) He is doing an exposition on Matt 7 where Jesus talks about the narrow gate, and that many will claim they did miracles and signs in his name, but Jesus will say "I never knew you." Other than his forced conformity to 'faith alone,' like MacArthur before him, the message is based upon Jesus' clear words.</span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Norman B. Willis, <em>Nazarene Israel</em> (2012) -- <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Nazarene-Israel-Original-Faith-Apostles/dp/1440403430/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top">Amazon link</a> -- sets forth case that earliest Church of Jesus (Yahshua) was Torah-observant, apparently citing alot of good authority.</span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Path to Light Website -- has links to many of my articles, and otherwise a sober attention to how to study the Bible, apologetics, etc. Here is <a href="https://thepathtolight.com/Free_Downloads.html">downloads page</a>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Videos on Trinity Doctrine</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">In my books from a decade ago, I assumed the Trinity Doctrine was true. I have come a long way since. Now I say Jesus was Divine due to the indwelling of the Father, as Jesus said in John 14:10. A young lady has done an excellent exposition in two videos on the flaws in common arguments in favor of Trinitarianism. The Trinity teaches God is composed of three individuals of separate minds and wills, and each has a right to be worshipped as God apart from the other, yet each are part of a unity and hence God is still ONE. Here are her great and short videos:</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VunBkhQvtMQ&feature=youtu.be">1. Trinitarian Reasoning is Dangerous</a></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">2. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHaWCM7IXxg&feature=youtu.be">A Few Questions for Trinitarians</a> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>Jeffrey Dean Series - False Christ of Christianity</strong> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFmSNrPPgEY&feature=youtu.be">Episode 1</a>. He points out that Revelation is the Revelation of Jesus' Christ. Jeffrey quotes that Rev. 1:1 which says it is a "Revalation of Jesus Christ which God gave to him" -- keeping Jesus disjoined from God. (Video 3:25 mark.) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXo45xc8AGc&feature=youtu.be">Episode 2</a>. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Bercot, What Early Christians Believed About the Trinity -<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpPmXUEK3F8">YouTube</a> For a website critical of the Trinity doctrine with links to man You Tubes it producd, see <a href="http://www.thetrinitydelusion.com/">Trinity Delusion</a>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<div><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Videos on Salvation Doctrines </span></strong></div>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXLfCjUr6yM&feature=youtu.be">Five Marks of the False Grace Movement</a> (6/2012) by John Burton. His website is at this <a href="http://burton.tv">link</a>. I do not agree with his view that we should not pray for our needs because God supposedly promised to fulfill our needs - supposedly without being asked to do so. See <a href="http://burton.tv/articles/">link</a>.</span></p>
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Streaming Studies </span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://livestream.com/compasslive/class/videos/49992473"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Book of Isaiah </span></strong></span></a></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #3366ff;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Evangelism</span></strong></span></h3>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.sullivan-county.com/immigration/2nd_awakening.htm">Peter Cartwright and the Great Awakening</a> - summarized</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Summary of Law Given Moses for Christians</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">From CW who authored Questioning Paul, he provides a synopsis at a separate website that summarizes the Law in a clear outline at <a href="http://theownersmanual.net/">http://theownersmanual.net/</a> </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong style="color: #494a44; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 24px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Law Given Moses Ten Commandments -</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK57RiMqTdk&feature=youtu.be">Intro by Dennis Praeger</a> - importance God gave.</span></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p> </p>
|
||||
<h1><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>Study Tools</strong></span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Zondervan's Basics Of Biblical Greek - $107 through Bible Gateway at this <a href="http://biblegateway.christianbook.com/basics-of-biblical-greek-pack/9780310514381/pd/514381">link</a>. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.scripture4all.org/download/download_ISA20.php">Interlinear Scripture Analyzer</a> - PC Software Free - displays Greek text and meaning. Has several free modules.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Good Religious Magazines</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.firstthings.com/index.php">First Things</a> -- a cross section of religious views from a broad Christian & Jewish perspective</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Jesus-Centric Books</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/csj/" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: medium;">The Complete Sayings of Jesus</a><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"> (1927 book posted online) - synthesis of 4 gospels by topics</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
|
||||
<h1><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Websites & Videos I don't Recommend</span></strong></span></h1>
|
||||
<h3><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Somewhat Off-Base Anti-Paul Videos</span></strong></span></h3>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Trustin JC "<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwb00VLruI0&feature=related">Apostle Paul is a Ravening Wolf Part 1</a>" September 2011 (12 min 57 sec)</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Sounds logical and appropriate through 85%. Says something is not right in pulpit. Many teach Jesus' words are for Jews only and Paul is for everyone else. One proof Paul was prophesied by Jesus is when Jesus said "beware yeast of the Pharisees." Paul was a Pharisee. A hint who one of the false prophets is going to be. Jesus also said "beware the sheep in wolf's clothing." Look into different tribes of Israel. Look at each tribe what is their insignia -- some use a deer, ox, etc. But the tribe of Benjamin uses as its emblem a wolf. Paul tells us he comes from the tribe of Benjamin. These are aspects of Paul -- Benjamite and Pharisee -- that we should focus upon. </span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">At 12:57, he quotes the<em><strong> non-canonical book</strong></em> (which I never have heard of) entitled <em>Last Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs</em>. He says there is a prophecy from Benjamin himself called "Testament of Benjamin" within that book. He is quoting from modern book entitled "Lost Books of the Bible." At Ch. 2 verse 18, speaking of Savior and end-times, it discusses God will come in the flesh of a man, and Benjamin will say at one point he will no longer be called a "ravening wolf." This author misses the better quote which is Genesis 49:27. Then he discusses Jesus mentions the ravening wolf in sheep's clothing. He defends that alot of scripture exists outside the Bible which I find highly dubious. But then he goes in the correct direction that Paul contradicts the teachings of Jesus. Hence, it is ok for much of it, but alot of it treats as authoritative non-Scriptural sources without proof of their validity.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">Trustin JC <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kc-wLMNXDTo&feature=related">Apostle Paul as a Ravening Wolf Part 2</a> (September 2011) -15 minutes</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">He points out that Church was paganized at time the canon process was being completed. The pagan highest day became Christ's birthday; Sabbath was banned, etc. Let's look at fruit of Paul and see if contradicts self or lies. In Philemon, Paul says "I am not going to mention you owe me your very soul." But Trustin says this is false that another owes you their soul if you led them to Christ. We only owe our soul to Jesus, but not to Paul. (Bravo!) Second, Paul says when around Jews he will follow the Jews, and when he is around pagans, he will act no longer as a Jew but accomodate the pagans. When Peter supposedly does a similar thing, Paul calls Peter a hypocrite. This video is essentially ok. I just think it loosely makes claim that the church was entirely paganized at the time the canon process completed. I would say canon was never even decided in that period. It was only until Council of Trent it was agreed upon -- and that was in the 1500s!</span></p>
|
||||
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Completely Off Anti-Paul Videos:</span></strong></span></h2>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">"False Apostle Paul and Apostate Church of Today" - Unstitched Mouth<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RH3W6k1Yvls&feature=related"> 9/18/2011</a></span></p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This author begins well -- saying it is not faith alone that saves. If you don't follow up by obedience, it is as if dead, as James said. The good news - Gospel -- Yahshua -- he claims God in the flesh to remarry his bride had to die to fulfill that part of the Law. Thus, he believes God had to die to fullfill the Law, and this is how he could remarry Israel whom he 'divorced.' (I think this accepts Paul's flawed Christology in Romans 7:1-7, and is blasphemy. God is immortal. See our article <a href="/home/4-recommendedreading/104-flawedchristologyofpaul.html">Paul's Flawed Christology</a>.) But this death of God (uggh!) supposedly does not change God's doctrine. Then Unstitched says Jesus came for the lost sheep of Israel, his bride, and not Gentiles. (Then why did Jesus's final words before His ascension tell the apostles to "teach the nations everything that I commanded"?) Unstitched says Christianity offers adoptionism where everyone can be adopted, and this author says no one else can enter into the faith but Jews. (I think this goes too far, and if true, Jesus should have said so. Portions of the Mosaic covenant were obligatory on sojourners / Gentiles who lived in community with Jews, so if only Jews can be saved, then why did the Law's benefits extend to sojourners who voluntarily sought atonement?)</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>Pro Paul Videos To Inform You Of Normative Pauline Christian Views</strong></span></h1>
|
||||
<p><span id="eow-title" class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDW654-s4wo&NR=1">The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong?</a> (50 min) "works have no relationship to salvation" At 5:42, however, they question whether the Law could truly lose validity later. Would God have to free us from Laws that give freedom? Mainstream doctrine teaches us that we are freed by getting rid of the Law, making the freedom offered by Jesus different from that freedom offered by the Father. The Law is "perfect" and then how can it be later more "perfect." They cite and quote Paul as the word of God. This video helps prove to those who know the Bible's definition of apostasy that Paul's teachings directly lead to such an outcome. This video embraces what the Bible identifies as apostasy (which results in a lost condition) as proper and right. Uggh!</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OiBEXvlhHg&feature=youtu.be">Woe Unto You Lawyers</a> - Q - a critique for 15 minutes of our website. Nothing substantive -- just snipes, and claiming we are from "Satan." </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ4soQkbbdA&feature=youtu.be">Was Paul a False Apostle? Part I.</a> This video begins by portraying that the only people who thinks Paul is not a true apostle are either atheists, Muslims, or people in the occult. This relies upon judging an issue by attacking the person speaking. This is known as the Ad Hominem Fallacy. At 28:23 mark of the video, he now tells you that Jesus did teach the Law, but Paul correctly tells us not to follow the Law because what Jesus offered was rejected by Jews. This is why Jesus chose Paul to go to Plan B. The author does not tell you, but this is known as Dispensationalism -- of the hyper variety. Jesus' teachings are supposedly completely irrelevant, and only Paul's teachings -- which never quote Jesus in any epistle to support a doctrine. This video speaker claims that the Law will become important again in the future in the milennium kingdom. I would comment that all dispensational doctrines are false. They contradict multiple of Jesus' statements, such as telling the apostles just prior to his Ascension to teach the nations "all that I commanded you." But this video author think we are supposed to believe Jesus taught Paul not to do so, and instead told Paul what Paul alone taught. Also, Jesus said the Law would not pass away until the heavens and earth pass away. But I would comment that Paul teaches, and dispensationalism agrees, that the Law has faded / passed away, which was supposedly signaled by the glory-light fading away from Moses' face after speaking with Yahweh. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Brad Scott, Messianic. False Apostle or Falsely Accused, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJuiBHGNWQ4">part 1</a>. In first 27 minutes, he claims Paul may appear contradictory of Christ, but he contends that is by means of argument where we do not track carefully somehow, but instead we can "solve the situation," if we try hard enough, to find no contradiction. I too agree we should find plausible explanations that do not present contradictions between Jesus and Paul, but after a while, a valid set of 25 contradictions are unavoidable. </span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The first point is he addresses 1 Cor. 11:1-2 at the 27:26 mark. This verse begins "be ye followers of me even as I am a follower of Messiah." Then Brad says he would have no leg to stand upon [that Paul does not contradict Jesus"] if Paul said "be ye followers of me...." Why anyone argues there is a contradiction between Jesus and Paul here, I don't know. To me, it only means that Paul believes his behavior is an ideal replica of Jesus' behavior. That claim is what gives rise to contradiction by DEEDS, not words. For example, in Jesus was "no guile," but Paul boasts to the Corinthians of having captured them with "guile." The walk of Paul - his deeds -- contradicts the walk of Christ. So it is not true we should imitate Paul and thereby will replicate the walk of Jesus. Rather, Paul's walk is at odds with Jesus, and we must look only to Jesus' walk if we want to be disciples of the true Jesus. So I find this first point rather weak, and misdirected to not comprehend where the contradiction arises from this quote - not in words, but in deeds.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #0000ff;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1">Speculative Anti-Paul Works</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1">In Jeffrey Daugherty's Apostle Paul Anti-Christ (Jan 2014), he writes a fictional work that claims to be based in history that claims (according to reviews) that Paul knew Jesus during His ministry. That perhaps he was the rich young ruler who went away chagrined he had to give his money to the poor. I don't think mixing pure speculation in a book of valid points commends a book that tries to have the ring of truth. It has to be small bits of narration to verifiable events to bring them alive, rather than bring to life speculative events along with true events.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1">For more on this work, see Daugherty's radio blog at <a href="http://www.blogtalkradio.com/jeffreydaughertyshow">http://www.blogtalkradio.com/jeffreydaughertyshow</a></span></p>
|
||||
<hr />
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; line-height: 1.3em; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1">Historical Videos</span></strong></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNtF1-Y-JJM#t=457">How Christianity Was Invented -- </a>Speculation that Rome invented Jesus. Bogus for most part except if you know Constantine changed Jesus into traits of Sol Invictus... these traits of Jesus did not arise earlier. </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjNtf43-fc0&feature=youtu.be">Unexplained and Strange Archeology</a> - some flood geology mixed with the overlap of building techniques and scientific knowledge between Mexico, Bolivia and Egypt. The evidence suggests a pre-flood culture of 10,500 BC. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5zY3odoE5E&list=PL_rAGn4C7an-OBWTc6qJhNmwJaF5LiUIn">Worship Music</a> - praise of Yahweh and of Yahshua</span><br /></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="/home/14-audio/549-inspiring-music.html">Inspiring Music</a> </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1"><strong>Procrastination Issues Addressed by World Mirrors Jesus' Spiritual Lessons</strong>: </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZNz4CN_L4I">Eat that Frog by Brian Tracy</a> (YouTube) - focusing on the main task, and not worrying about the rest - sounds a lot like Jesus - seek first the kingdom of heaven, and its righteousness, and these things (that you worry about) will be added to you. </span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;" data-mce-mark="1"><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auVkGYpE-X0">Steps to Confidence</a> part one (You Tube)</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="long-title" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" title="The Pauline Paradox - Part 1 - Is the Majority Ever Wrong? (50 min)" data-mce-mark="1"></span></p>
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<h3>Recommendations</h3>
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<p><a href="/home/14-audio/401-music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
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<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jwoogm-20?node=1&page=2">What Did Jesus Say?</a> (2012) - 7 topics </p>
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<p>None above affiliated with me</p> </div>
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<h1><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #0000ff;"><strong>Marcionism-The Forgotten Crisis</strong></span></h1>
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<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #0000ff;">Overview/Introduction</span></h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">An important but frequently forgotten episode in the early church was the movement founded by Marcion near 144 A.D. It is known as Marcionism.<img src="/images/stories/JWOBook/marcion.jpg" alt="marcion" width="159" height="200" style="float: right;" /></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">It is important because it explains the two gospels in the current New Testament and why they were tolerated. Marcionism was a split in the church that almost divided Christianity in two. Marcion taught only Paul had the correct gospel of Jesus,<em> i.e.</em>, faith alone, but the twelve apostles presented a Jesus who supposedly had a superceded gospel that did not apply to Gentiles. Marcion said the twelve taught a gospel of Law where disobedience caused loss of salvation, especially found in Matthew's Gospel. <span style="color: #800080;">[Ancient drawing of Marcion]</span></span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">A prominent leader of early orthodox Christianity was Tertullian. In 207 A.D. Tertullian in <em>Against Marcion</em> rebutted Marcion by attacking Paul. He questioned whether Paul was an apostle of Jesus Christ, saying a self-serving claim, as Paul made of being an apostle of Jesus, does not suffice. Tertullian suggested Paul was a false prophet. He also called Paul the "apostle of the heretics." See immediately below, <em>Marcionism - Excerpt from JWOS</em>]</span></p>
|
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<h3> </h3>
|
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<h2><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: #0000ff;">Marcionism -- Excerpt from Jesus Words on Salvation at pp <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4V8tMJ75bnwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jesus%20words%20on%20salvation&pg=PA578#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="color: #0000ff;">578 </a>et seq.</span></strong></h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} --> <!--[endif]--></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.25in 0in 4pt; line-height: 15pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Importance of Protestants Coming to Grips with the Early Heretic Marcion’s Cheap Grace Doctrine </span></strong><span style="color: black;"></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Has the last four hundred years been a waste? Has the descent into cheap grace at odds with Jesus’ doctrine all this time been an unprecedented error? No. This has been a valu­able period of cleansing of doctrinal errors. However, our response to those errors ended up in over-reaction. We need to come back to Jesus. It is that simple. We can take encour­agement from the fact that this very same error happened once before. Let’s see how the early church escaped, and per­haps we can simply repeat the measures taken back then.</span></p>
|
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Most Protestants are utterly unaware that Paulinism, in particular faith alone doctrine, previously threatened to overwhelm Jesus’ salvation doctrine and destroy it. In 144 A.D., there arose a ship-builder from Pontus named Marcion. He founded a church system that rivaled in numbers and influence that of the orthodox Christian church. By 150 A.D., Justin wrote that Marcionites had expanded “to the uttermost bounds of the earth.” [Justin, <em>Apology</em> 1.26.] It required three hundred years for the orthodox church to eventually rout out the heresy of Marcion. </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Marcion was not battling the Roman Catholic church. It did not yet exist. Instead, there was a large orthodox church led from Jerusalem. The Roman bishop was just one bishop among many throughout the Mediterranean. Even if Peter was in Rome at one point, there was no effort to exercise superiority from Rome until many centuries later.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">What happened is that Marcion declared in 144 A.D. that Paul alone was the true apostle for the era of grace; the twelve apostles, in particular their gospel of Matthew, were tainted by legalism; the Jesus of the twelve belonged to the God of the Old Testament; and the Jesus of Paul represented the son of a loving Father who now accepted us by faith alone.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In Marcion’s book known as the <em>Antitheses</em>, which exists only in fragments quoted by others, we find endorse­ment of everything Pauline, including faith alone. Marcion’s primary antithesis involved faith and law. On one hand, there was the Law given Moses, which the apostolic twelve endorsed in Matthew’s gospel. On the other hand, there was the faith alone doctrine of Paul. To solve this antithesis, Mar­cion invented the idea that Christ had two personages — the one of the twelve and the one presented by Paul. The Jesus of the twelve represented the Creator-God of the Old Testament. The Jesus of Paul represented the Good God or the Father of the New Testament. The <em>Antitheses </em>of 144 A.D. reads:</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'ZapfEllipt BT'; color: black;">18.The Jewish Christ [of Matthew <em>et al</em>] was designated by the Creator [<em>i.e.</em>, the God of the Old Testament] solely to restore the Jewish peo­ple from the Diaspora; but our Christ [present in Paul’s writings] was commissioned by the good God [of the new testament] to liberate all mankind.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'ZapfEllipt BT'; color: black;">19. The Good [God] [of Paul’s Jesus] is good toward all men; the Creator [God of the Jesus of the twelve], however, promises salvation only to those who are obedient to him [<em>i.e.</em>, legal­ism]. The Good [God of Paul’s Jesus] redeems those who <strong><em>believe</em></strong> in him, but<strong><em> he does not judge those who are disobedient</em></strong> to him; the Creator [God of the twelve’s Jesus], however, redeems his faithful and judges and punishes the sinners.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'ZapfEllipt BT'; color: black;">29. The Christ [of the Creator God represented by the twelve] promises to the Jews the restora­tion of their former condition by return of their land and, after death, a refuge in Abraham’s bosom in the underworld [<em>i.e.</em>, Sheol/hell]. Our Christ [of the Jesus presented by Paul] will establish the Kingdom of God, an eternal and heavenly possession.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">(Source: Dr. Peter M. Head (New Testament Research Fellow, Tyndale House), <a href="http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Tyndale/staff/Head/Lent_01_Handout.htm">The History of the Interpretation of the Apostle Paul </a>(2001).</span><span style="line-height: 19px;">)</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="color: black;">The Jerusalem church previously replied to anti-Law and faith-alone doctrine by saying Paul was an apostate and did not represent true Christianity. As Professor James Dunn notes: “The most direct heirs of the Jewish-Christian group­ings within earliest Christianity [<em>i.e.</em>, the early Jerusalem church]<strong><em> regarded Paul as the great apostate</em></strong>, an arch enemy,” citing <em>Epistula Petri</em> 2.3; <em>Clem. Hom</em>. 17:18-19.<a name="_ftnref3"></a> (</span>James D. G. Dunn, <em>The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul </em>(Cambridge University Press, 2003) at 2.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The Jerusalem church’s response is directly reflected in our New Testament. As Augustine noted in 413 A.D. in his treatise <em>Faith and Works</em>, the epistles of James (the first bishop of Jerusalem), Jude (the second bishop of Jerusalem),<a name="_ftnref4"></a> and Second Peter were specifically written to destroy “faith alone” doctrine as inferred from Paul’s epistles. (See page <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4V8tMJ75bnwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jesus%20words%20on%20salvation&pg=PA523#v=onepage&q&f=false">523</a>n <em>supra</em>.) Second Peter even said many would fall from their “steadfastness in Christ” by relying upon “difficult to understand” passages in the writings of Paul. These passages were seen as giving a “liberty” that Second Peter said was foreign to the true gospel. (See pages <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4V8tMJ75bnwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jesus%20words%20on%20salvation&pg=PA500#v=onepage&q&f=false">500</a>-504 <em>supra</em>.) </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Tertullian, an orthodox church member in Carthage, Africa, wrote in 207 A.D. his famous rebuttal to Marcion. In it, Tertullian raised every ground possible to dispute whether Paul was truly an apostle of Jesus Christ. Tertullian even sug­gested Paul was a false prophet as warned of by Jesus Christ. We previously quoted this daring analysis from Tertullian. (See pages 395-400 <em>Jesus Words Only </em>at this google-books <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3VFnsDuxBPcC&lpg=PP1&dq=jesus'%20words%20only&pg=PA395#v=snippet&q=pontus&f=false">full view link</a>.) In that passage, Tertullian says that Paul’s claim to apostleship is totally self-serving, and by Jesus’ standards is invalid. Scholars generally now recognize this is a valid criticism of Paul’s claims. In the end, Tertullian even suggested “<strong><em>[Paul] is the apostle of the heretics.</em></strong>” (Tertul­lian, <em>Adversus Marcion</em> <a href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/1003/1001/0160-0220,_Tertullianus,_Adversus_Marcionem,_MLT.html#[0327A]">3:5</a>, “haereticorum apostolus”.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Often, Protestant historians try to obscure the real nature of Marcion’s heresy. They focus on every other dispute than the problem of Marcion’s teaching of <em>faith alone</em>. While it is true that Marcion said there was a different God for the new versus the old testaments, and this claim was battled vig­orously by Tertullian, they ignore what was at stake. <strong><em>Mar­cion’s goal behind that argument was to justify two different salvation doctrines</em></strong>. Once he divided salvation into two dis­pensations — the old and the new, Marcion could defend the new is by faith alone and the old one is by obedience. Mar­cion hence was trying to rationalize Paul’s doctrine of faith alone as belonging to a distinct dispensation of Paul’s Jesus. Thereby, it could be valid despite contradicting Jesus’ salva­tion doctrine in the gospel of Matthew and John (properly translated). As Arthur Cushman McGiffert, in <em>A History of Christian Thought </em>(C. Scribner’s Sons: 1949) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=w65VTLTfGJS-sQPXgenaAg&ct=result&id=Kf82AAAAMAAJ&dq=McGiffert,+in+A+History+of+Christian+Thought&q=faith+alone#search_anchor">59</a> explains:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: black;">For the gospel of the free grace of God and sal­vation by <strong><em>faith alone</em></strong> had been substituted [by the twelve apostles in their gospels], so Mar­cion believed, [by] a legalism of a genuinely Jewish character. </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Hence, to destroy the significance of the different sal­vation doctrine in the twelve apostles’ gospels, Marcion claimed Paul had the right to proclaim a superseding one.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, Marcion represented a vigorous effort to erase any role of repentance and obedience in the Christian doc­trine of salvation. </span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: black;">Marcion expounded his main position in a work entitled <em>Antitheses</em>....[The God of the New Testament] was the God of grace who offered salvation to all by <strong><em>faith alone</em></strong>;.... (T. Alec Burkill, <em>The Evolution of Christian Thought</em> (Cornell University Press, 1971) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=1a9VTJmHDIa4sQP2qbDbAg&ct=result&id=5EMcAAAAMAAJ&dq=Burkill,+The+Evolution+of+Christian+Thought&q=faith+alone#search_anchor">42</a>.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: black;">After Simon Magus, it was Marcion above all whom the Fathers regarded as the arch-here­tic:... the law is discarded and salvation depends on <strong><em>faith alone</em></strong>. (Hans Kung, <em>The Church</em> (Image Books: 1976) at 316.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="color: black;">Tertullian in rebuttal to Marcion conceded that the ceremonial law of the old testament was no longer applicable (the temple was destroyed a century earlier), but the moral commandments in the Law remained. To this end, Ter­tullian taught repentance and obedience remained absolutely essential to salvation. (</span>See my prior work, <em>Jesus’ Words Only</em> (2007) at 405-425.)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">When I encountered this history, I was shocked and in disbelief. David Bercot, a Protestant attorney like myself, was as equally startled by encountering Marcion as I was. After Bercot did a comprehensive survey of the doctrines of the early Church in his exhaustive 705 page <em>Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs </em>(1998), he wrote <em>Will The Real Heretics Please Stand Up </em>(1999). In that work, Bercot admits he dis­covered that the early church, in “contradiction to many of my own theological views,” taught doctrines that universally rejected teachings which we all recognize as part of modern accepted Pauline teaching. When Bercot discusses Marcion, he expresses the same shock I experienced when I first read what Marcion taught:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0.25in 6pt 0.6in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: black;">As surprising as all of this may be to you, <strong><em>what I’m about to tell you is even more bizarre</em></strong>. There was a religious group <strong><em>labelled as here­tics</em></strong> by the early Christians, who strongly dis­puted the church’s stance on salvation and works [<em>i.e.</em>, that salvation depended on works]. Instead, they [<em>i.e.</em>, the heretics] taught man is totally depraved. That we are <strong><em>saved solely by grace</em></strong>. That <strong><em>works play no role in salvation</em></strong>. And that <strong><em>we cannot lose our salvation once we obtain it</em></strong>.... (<em>Will The Real Heretics Please Stand Up</em>, <em>supra</em>, at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=j7K4S5n8hVAC&lpg=PP1&dq=bercot%20Will%20The%20Real%20Heretics%20Please%20Stand%20Up&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q=bizarre&f=false">66</a>.)(Emphasis added.)</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">It is obvious that Marcionism has revived. Many Prot­estants likewise today argue a dispensational division exists between old and new, so that Jesus’ contrary salvation doc­trine to Paul’s doctrine can be <em>honestly</em> dismissed as <em>irrele­vant</em>. (See dispensationalist claims on pages <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4V8tMJ75bnwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jesus%20words%20on%20salvation&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false">209</a>-210 <em>supra</em>.) </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Jesus and the early church had a solution to prevent Paul’s teachings from overturning those of Jesus. They were:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 13.65pt; text-indent: -13.65pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: black;">• </span></strong><span style="color: black;">The release of the epistles of James, Jude and Second Peter; </span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 13.65pt; text-indent: -13.65pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: black;">• </span></strong><span style="color: black;">The release of the Revelation of Jesus Christ, with its heavy emphasis on works required for salvation, including a re-affir­mation of James’ principles in Revelation 3:1-3; and</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 13.65pt; text-indent: -13.65pt; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong><span style="color: black;">• </span></strong><span style="color: black;">Tertullian’s brilliant examination in 207 A.D. of the lack of authenticity to Paul’s claims of apostleship and even Tertullian’s suggestion that Paul was a false prophet predicted by Christ.</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">These various attacks on Paulinism were vigorous and well-sustained. Marcion was defeated. These critical analyses must be re-published for a new generation. For four hundred years, we have been entrapped within revived Marcionism. Because Christ’s words were so powerful, Christianity lived on despite this albatross hanging on, weighing down His words in the wrong direction. Yet, by our dereliction of duty, Christ’s message is obscured. How did this happen?</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><span style="color: black;">What took place in the early Protestant Reformation is that this history about Marcion was forgotten. It was prima­rily Erasmus and Tyndale who initially realized that the refor­mation had made a significant major mistake. It had treated Paul’s doctrines regarding ‘faith alone’ as a necessity to fol­low even when at odds with the salvation doctrine of Jesus Christ. These two men bravely changed course. They even obviously caused Luther to change course. He too adopted <em>double justification</em> (<em>i.e.</em>, salvation begins by faith but requires works and obedience for final salvation) which essentially matches Jesus’ doctrine. [See Preface to JWOS at this <a href="/home/2-jwos/136-preface.html">webpage</a>.] Unfortunately, Luther’s heroism of 1517-18 was not matched by a later bold declara­tion that he realized this error. Luther tried to make this change quietly, through an ecumenical conference with the Catholic Church in 1541. Upon Luther’s death, he left it to Melancthon to continue this effort. Melancthon did so, caus­ing the Lutheran church to adopt double justification as an official doctrine. It lasted until a short while after Melanc­thon’s death. </span><span style="color: black;">[See Preface to JWOS at this</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><a href="/home/2-jwos/136-preface.html">webpage</a></span><span style="color: black;">.]</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">And thus the true gospel expired from being present in any major Protestant denomination. It survives pri­marily only in the Pentecostal and Mennonite churches.</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Consequently, we need spiritual and historical revival. We need to repent of the misleading ‘faith alone’ doctrine. We also need to refuse anyone else from taking Jesus/Yeshua’s place as our “sole teacher” (Matt. 23:10). We need to repent from the stain of Paulinism upon Christ’s mes­sage.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">END.</span></p>
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<hr />
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Marcion Indeed Was Inspired By Paul</span></strong></span></h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The early church found the following were heresies in Marcion, but these all were doctrines taught by Paul. Hence, these parallels to Marcion whom the early church<strong><em> pre-325 AD</em></strong> universally condemned proves the church's antipathy to everything Pauline in doctrine even if having affection for Paul personally.</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Celibacy</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"Marcion’s ethics err on the side of asceticism. Tertullian claims that he forbade marriage because procreation was the invention of the Demiurge." (Robert Bradshaw, <a href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/article_marcion.html">Marcion - Portrait of a Heretic</a>, citing Benjamin Walker, <em>Gnosticism: Its History And Influence</em> (Wellingborough: Crucible, 1983) at 126.) Bradshaw continues:</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">"Marcion… deemed <strong><em>marriage</em></strong> ‘a filthiness and an obscenity.’ It was a diabolical institution that had upon it the seal of Antichrist and the mark of Satan. It did nothing more than sanction sexual indulgence..." <em>Id.</em></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul taught similarly, in contradiction of Christ. In 1 Cor. 10:27-28, Paul says: "Are you bound to a wife? Do not seek to be free. Are you free from a wife? <strong><em> Do not seek marriage</em></strong>."</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">God of Old Testament Is Supposedly Not The Same As The God of The New</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Paul in Romans 7:1-6 cannot be read to be saying anything but that when Christ died, this represented the death of the husband God who gave the Law. But when Christ rose, we were able to marry a new husband -- obviously a new God -- who did not have any link to the former Law given Moses. This disjunction of what Christ represented in His death versus the God he represented in His resurrection is how Paul explains why the Law was dissolved by Christ's death but is not in force after Jesus's resurrection. For a full discussion, see our webpage "<a href="/home/1-jwo/167-romans-7-a-major-incongruity.html">Paul Says The God of Sinai is Dead</a>."</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This directly fed Marcion the same idea -- a key heresy that Tertullian exploited to say that Marcion believed in two Gods -- one the creator Demiurge (whom was called Yahweh and supposedly died and lives now in Sheol / hell ruling over Israelites in Sheol, when Jesus died) and one for the NT alone -- the Father -- a kindly loving God superior to the Demiurge.</span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Scholars Observe Marcionism Triumphed In Terms of OT Attention</span></h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Dr David L Baker in his book <em>Two Testaments, One Bible</em> (Inter-Varsity Press 1976/1991) at 51-52 says: "There is in the church a habit of simply ignoring the Old Testament.. Bible study groups<em><strong> spend little time on Old Testament passages</strong></em>. It is clear therefore that the modern church,<em><strong> in spite of its official rejection of Marcionism</strong></em> and Neo-Marcionism, has often<em><strong> allowed implicit Marcionism in practice</strong></em>.”</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Further Studies</span></h2>
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<div><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">1. "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcionism">Marcionism</a>," <em>Wikipedia</em></span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">2. Peter Holmes on Marcion's canon alterations in a footnote on page <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=d8U7AAAAcAAJ&dq=Tertullian%2C%20The%20five%20books%20of%20Quintus%20Sept.%20Flor.%20Tertullianus%20Against%20Marcion%20Peter%20Holmes%20Edinburgh%20T%26T%20Clark%201868&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q&f=false">364</a> in his translation entitled Tertullian,<em> The five books of Quintus Sept. Flor. Tertullianus Against Marcion</em> (trans. Peter Holmes) (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1868) .This footnote discusses all the various subtle variants that Marcion made to what was otherwise very similar to Luke's Gospel text.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">3. In our webpage "<a href="/home/16-hebrew-matthew/205-marcionites-tampering-with-the-text.html">Marcionites - Tampering with the Text</a>" we examine how Marcion's view was that Jesus was God, and as such, Jesus could have no brothers or sisters. Marcionites altered the text to remove reference to the same.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">4. For more information, see B. Aland, “Marcion, Marcionites, Marcionism,” <em>Encyclopedia of the Early Church </em>(Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. 1992) Vol. 1 at 524. </span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt; text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">5. <span style="color: black;" data-mce-mark="1">On James & Jude as bishops, see “Appendix to the works of Hippoly­tus,” <em>The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Fathers of The Third Century</em> (ed. Donaldson, Roberts & Coxe) (1886) Vol. V at 255.</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt; text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', times;" data-mce-mark="1">6. On Marcion's work Antithesis trying to prove there is a good NT God v. an evil OT God, see "<a href="/home/1-jwo/453-antithesis-of-marcion.html">Antithesis of Marcion</a>" which we preserved at our website.</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt; text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<div id="ftn5">
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<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; color: #0000ff;" data-mce-mark="1"><span data-mce-mark="1">Study Notes</span></span></strong></span></h2>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt; text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Many of the arguments of Simon Magus in rebuttal to Peter in <em>Recognitions of Clement</em> (trans. Rufinus 400 AD) sound just like the words of Marcion in favor of faith alone -- 'acknowledge' the Good God and live free versus obedience required by the creator God. For example:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt; padding-left: 30px; margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Then Simon: “But the good God bestows salvation if he is only acknowledged; but the creator of the world demands also that the law be fulfilled.” (Recognitions<a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.vi.iii.iv.lviii.html"> LVIII</a>.)</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt; padding-left: 30px; margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Peter mocks this plan of salvation as follows:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt; padding-left: 30px; margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Then said Peter: “He saves adulterers and men-slayers, if they know him; but good, and sober, and merciful persons, if they do not know him, in consequence of their having no information concerning him, he does not save! Great and good truly is he whom you proclaim, who is not so much the saviour of the evil, as he is one who shows no mercy to the good.” <em>Id.</em></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt; margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This raises an interesting question: what was the Ebionite doctrine on salvation -- could a Job-like behavior make one righteous and be granted mercy even if you had no information about the God of the Jews in particular? I think the point more was that mental assent grants mercy in Simon Magus's view while righteous behavior does not, which is absurd. But that does not mean salvation is without faith, but that rather faith alone is absurd as a matter of principle as well as was unjust.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt; margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt; margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">See also Justin Martyr, <em>First Apology</em> (165 AD) at XXV discussion of Marcion at page 35 of the book below -- you can leaf forward to find page 35. There is another discussion at LXXV on pages 70-71, claiming he is a "wolf" teaching another god with another son besides the Creator. They try to seduce man from "God the Creator, and his first-begotten Son."</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt; margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"> See also, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcionism">Marcionism</a>," Wikipedia (2013).</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3pt 0in 0.0001pt 11.5pt; text-indent: -11.5pt; line-height: 13pt;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"><strong>MORE NOTES</strong></span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<h3 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 29px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 20px; color: #76756a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Split Healed By Joining Paul's Writing To Canon Only As 'Scripture' (A Term-of-Art in that Era)</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">This split was healed by including Paul's writings alongside the 3d century canon, but treating Paul as "Scripture" which does not mean what we think today. In the OT, the third division after the "Law and Prophets" was the "Writings" section, which translates in Greek as "Scripture."</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">The "Scripture" or "Writings" section is where Jews put works that were viewed as only sometimes inspired, or which had not yet been determined to be prophetic. For example, in Jesus' day, Daniel was still in the Writings/Scripture section rather than the Prophets section even though Daniel claimed to be a prophet. See <em>Hope for Today Bible</em> (2009) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SIVrZ1xLzGQC&lpg=PA951&dq=daniel%20writing%20section%20bible&pg=PA951#v=onepage&q=daniel%20writing%20section%20bible&f=false" style="color: #517291;">951</a>("The book of Daniel is found in the <strong><em>third section of the Hebrew Bible known</em></strong> as the<em><strong> 'Writings</strong></em>,' rather than the second section 'the Prophets.'")</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Hence, the term <em>Scripture</em> in those days had one usage to mean edifying material that was not yet recognized as fully inspired. It is a term of art whose meaning is sadly forgotten. Scripture/Writings was a term applied to something that should not be used as the basis for doctrine until more proof allows one to elevate it to fully Prophet-section materials.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thus, until accepted as 100% inspired, such a writing was kept in the "Scriptures" scroll to show a lesser authority. For a scholarly brief discussion on the "Writings" section of the OT and its lack of 100% inspired status, and that Jesus affirmed the same understanding, see this "<a href="/recommendedreading/335-writings-section-of-original-testament-of-bible-knol.html" style="color: #517291;">Writings Section</a>" article.</span></p>
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<h3 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 29px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 20px; color: #76756a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Early Church Approach To Third-Tier Writings Permissibly Joined To Canon</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">In the 3D century Christian church, with that true perception of canon still well-known (unlike now when it is forgotten), the church could carry a Paul-only scroll with the Gospels in another scroll as merely edifying works without causing any misunderstanding that the Paul-only scroll was 100% inspired.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">For example, Jerome in 402 A.D. attached the Apocrypha to the official Bible -- the Vulgate Bible. He explained elsewhere his purpose was because it was merely edifying. It was not because it was inspired. The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) forgot this and at the famous Council of Trent in the 1500s the RCC said the Apocrypha too was 100% inspired in every word. More important, this reminds us the standard for joinder was not necessarily inspiration in those earliest days.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Hence, Paul was carried in a Paul-only scroll alongside the Gospels-scroll after the split caused by Marcionism. His loose attachment was evidently designed to bring Marcionites (Paul-only Christians) back into the Orthodox church. As a result, eventually Orthodox Christianity defeated or merged with Marcionism by the end of the 300s.</span></p>
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||||
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">(The Roman Catholic Church, however, succumbed to accept various doctrines of Marcionism including docetism. See <a href="/recommendedreading/206-marcionite-influence-on-rcc.html" style="color: #517291;">Marcionite Influence Over the RCC</a>.)</span></p>
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<h3 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 29px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 20px; color: #76756a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Efforts in Reformation To Revive Correct Understanding of Tiers of Authority</span></strong></span></h3>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Incidentally, this understanding that books in "Scripture" meant third-tier authority was sought to be revived by the co-founder of the Reformation - Andreas Carlstadt. The first book in the Reformation to discuss Canon was Carlstadt's <em>Canonicis Scripturis</em> of 1520. Carlstadt revived the old divisions of the OT, and applied the same to the NT. In doing so, Carlstadt placed Paul inferior to Jesus. Carlstadt analogized Paul to the inferior grade in the OT known as the 'Scripture' (Ketuvim or <em>Writings) </em>section, making Jesus on par with the first tier of the OT (<em>i.e.</em>, Law.) (See our <a href="/recommendedreading/193-carlstadt-research.html" style="color: #517291;">webpage</a> on this.) Despite Carlstadt co-founding the Reformation with Luther, Luther turned on Carlstadt and persecuted him for taking Paul down a notch, driving Carlstadt and his followers from the movement.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;"></span></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 34.8px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 24px; color: #66869a; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Marcionism Similar to Calvinism/Lutheranism</span></h2>
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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; color: #494a44; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Thomas Scheck aptly states he found “<strong><em>real and apparent similarities</em></strong>between certain <strong><em>Protestant theological formulae</em></strong>, especially those of Calvinism and Lutheranism, <strong><em>and</em></strong> the assertions of Gnostic and <strong><em>Marcionite exegesis</em></strong>....” (Thomas Scheck, <em>Origen: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans</em> (Washington DC: CUA, 2001-02) at 1.23-4.) [<em>Jesus Words on Salvation</em> at 570 fn. 44.]</span></p>
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