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Bible/authorship-of-hebrews.html
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Bible/authorship-of-hebrews.html
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<title>Authorship of Hebrews | Bible</title>
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<td valign="top" >"Second century Christians...continued to recognize that the teachings of Jesus--not Paul--were the central tenets of Christianity." (Bercot, <em>Theologians </em>(2010) at 51.)</td>
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<h3>Questions?</h3>
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<h2>Who Wrote The Epistle to the Hebrews?</h2>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">"The nearest approach to a ‘tradition’ is one quoted by Tertullian as current in North Africa at the close of the 2nd century<em><strong> ascribing the epistle to Barnabas</strong></em>." (<a href="http://www.renaissance.com.pk/noderef972.html">New Commentary on Holy Scriptures</a>.) See Tertullian, De Pudicitia, 20.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Tertullian writes: "Hebrews,<em> a work of Barnabas</em>...." See Tertullian, <em>De Pudicitia</em> (Latin & French translation by A.Picard)(1906 edition) at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1fKmkDvdIAcC&dq=tertullian%2C%20de%20pudicitia&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q=barnabas&f=false">184</a> (Latin) and <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1fKmkDvdIAcC&dq=tertullian%2C%20de%20pudicitia&pg=PA185#v=onepage&q=barnabas&f=false">185</a> (French)</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Tertullian does so again in <span style="text-decoration: underline;">On Modesty</span> <a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.iii.viii.xx.html">XX</a> (ca. 207 AD):</span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">For there is extant withal an<strong> Epistle to the Hebrews under the name of Barnabas</strong>—a man sufficiently accredited by God, as being one whom Paul has stationed next to himself in the uninterrupted observance of abstinence...." </span></span></p>
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<p><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Tertullian is clearly referencing our Epistle to the Hebrews 6:1, 4-6 in the NT for he next quotes:</span></span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Warning, accordingly, the disciples to omit all first principles, and strive rather after perfection, and not lay again the foundations of repentance from the works of the dead, he says: “For impossible it is that they who have once been illuminated, and have tasted the heavenly gift, and <em><strong>have participated in the Holy Spirit</strong></em>, and have tasted the word of God and found it sweet, when they shall—their age already setting—have fallen away, should be again recalled unto repentance, crucifying again for themselves the Son of God, and dishonouring Him.”</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">More proof is as follows. Because this epistle to the Hebrews has the most excellent Greek in the NT, and Barnabas was known to have such erudition (being from Cyprus which was renown for excellence in writing Greek)(Barclay:<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LcXwedfaPhUC&lpg=PA8&ots=n_4gcQjaGD&dq=tertullian%20says%20barnabas%20wrote%20hebrews&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false">8</a>), many Christian authorities support Barnabas as the author. These include:</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">i) A.M. Stibbs, V. Principal, <em>The New Bible Commentary</em> (Oak Hill Theological College, London) at 1088</span></p>
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||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">ii) Dr. Allan J. McNicol, Prof. of N.T., <em>Harper’s Bible Dictionary</em> (Bangalore, Inst. for Christian Studies, Austin, Texas, 1994) at 94.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">iii) Myles M. Bourke, <em>The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</em> (Bangalore, 1994) at 920.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">iv) Dr. Robert W. Ross, Dept. of History, N. W. College, Minneapolis, Minn., <em>The Wycliffe’s Bible Commentary</em> (1987) at 1403 f.</span></p>
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||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">v) William Smith, <em>A Dictionary of the Bible</em> (Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1988) at 238.</span></p>
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||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">vi) Dr. F. F. Bruce, Ryland’s Prof. of Biblical Criticism & Exegesis, Manchestor University, in Peake’s<em> Commentary on the Bible</em>, (Thomas Nelson Ltd, London, 1967) at 1008.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Source: "<a href="http://www.renaissance.com.pk/noderef972.html">Barnabas, His Gospel, Credibility</a>."</span></p>
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||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Bruce says Tertullian does not attribute the epistle to Barnabas as if he were merely expressing opinion, but rather as if it were a commonly held ascription among those of his circle. Thus, Tertullian attributes it to Barnabas as a matter of fact.</span></p>
|
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<h2><strong>Different Teachings than Paul</strong></h2>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">However, in the later 200s, Origen said no one knows who wrote Hebrews. Then even later, in the 300s, many began saying Paul wrote it. Many today say this is unlikely because of the following differences in soteriology and Christology:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>P</strong><strong>aul's Patterns<o:p></o:p></strong></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Hebrew's Presentation<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Christ being the <em>Head</em> of the <em>Body </em>of believers (I Cor. 12:12-27; Eph. 1:22,23; 4:14,15; 5:23; Col. 1:18; 2:10,19).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Christ is the <em>High Priest</em> over the<em>People of Israel</em> (Heb. 2:17; 3:1; 4:14,15; 5:5,20; 9:11,12,19-23; 13:11,12).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The Believer's <em>unconditional </em>eternal union with Christ (Rom. 8:26-36; I Cor. 5:5; Eph. 1:3-5,13,14; 2:5-9; 4:30).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The Believer's <em>potential to "fall away"</em> from eternal union with Christ (Heb. 6:4-6,9-12; 10:26-39).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Preoccupation with showing the<em>equal status between Jew and Gentile as the people of God </em>(Rom. 1:16; 3:9-11, 22,23; 4:9-12; ch. 9-11; I Cor. 1:24; Gal. 3:28; Eph. 2:11-22; 3:6; Col 3:11).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Preoccupation with showing <strong><em>Israel as THE PEOPLE of God </em></strong>(2:17; 4:9; 5:3; 7:5,11,27; 8:8,10; 9:7,19; 11:25; 13:17).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Use of the word WORLD over 40 times</span></em><span> with special reference to the global aspect of Christ's redemption (II Cor 5:19; Col. 1:4-6; I Tim. 3:16).<span> </span>Paul uses kosmos in a broad manner.<span> </span>It is a common Pauline term.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Not one usage of the word WORLD</span></em><span> is in reference to Christ's act of redemption. <strong><em>Rather Israel is seen as the only beneficiary</em></strong> (2:17; 7:27; 13:12).<span> </span>Kosmos used only 5 times in a narrow context.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Israel's FALL</span></em><span> into a state of "Lo Ammi" (Rom. 11; Eph 2).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Israel's <strong>RISE</strong></span></em><span> into the promised Covenant (8:8-13; 10:16,29; 12:24; 13:20)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Source: "<a href="http://www.experiencegrace.com/Authorship_of_Hebrews.html">The Authorship of the Book of Hebrews</a>"
|
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<h2>Conclusion</h2>
|
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<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">This study of authorship gives us some idea of what caused Barnabas and Paul to split. Barnabas was pro-Israel, but Paul was perceived as anti-Israel.</span></p>
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||||
<h3>Recommended Websites</h3>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.thewords.com">The Words of Jesus of Nazareth</a><a href="http://www.thewords.com/" target="_blank"></a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.jesusfocusedpublishers.com/" title="Jesus Focused Publishers" target="_blank">Jesus Focused Publishers</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://ilike.myspacecdn.com/play#Big+Daddy+Weave:Only+Jesus:1997798:s3184.342.10218893.0.1.5%2Cstd_b6c7cc937bcaec7e0ea82b630c99dd78">Only Jesus</a> (song by Big Daddy)</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://justhiswords.com/">Just His Words</a> (red letter only $7.25)</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.jesusfocusedpublishers.com/"></a></p>
|
||||
<p>(No affiliation with me or this website.)</p> </div>
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<a href="/JWOS/jesuswordssalvation.html"><img alt="JesusWordsSalv-crop2" src="/images/stories/JesusWordsSalv-crop2.jpg" width="114" height="146" /></a> </div>
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<h2>Chapter 2: No Deliberate Ignorance</h2>
|
||||
<h3>You Cannot Read Without A Dictionary</h3>
|
||||
<p>The second major flaw in the common how-to-read-the-Bible books is the notion we can deliberately ignore the fact that the Bible in English is a translation. This flaw is evident in Torrey’s book<em> How To Study The Bible</em>.</p>
|
||||
<p>He states unabashedly the following proposition:</p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">The person who has<strong><em> no technical knowledge of Greek or Hebrew</em></strong> but has spiritual discernment is a <strong><em>far more competent critic of the Bible</em></strong> than one who has a rare, technical knowledge of Greek or Hebrew but no spiritual discernment. <em>Id</em>., at 9.</p>
|
||||
<p>In other words, Torrey will not accept any information and input from someone who specializes in Greek or Hebrew who Torrey is not convinced shares his viewpoint on what makes you regenerate and a Christian. Instead, Torrey will rely upon his intuitive ‘spiritual’ sense that the translation in English is correct. He therefore can reject what a specialist in Greek or Hebrew may tell him is what the passage actually says in the original tongue.</p>
|
||||
<p>Torrey’s ideas mean that whatever traditional English translation has been popular must continue to guide the church for ever more. Torrey would have us do so even if the original English translation is demonstrably in error. At the very least Torrey implies that he would not accept the exposition of such error from someone he views as not ‘born again’ based upon the now encrusted ‘spiritually discerned’ truths which may indeed be based upon an erroneous translation.</p>
|
||||
<p>This is not merely an academic point. There are many examples where scholars have learned that the original translation was defective. There were still many mysteries in the meaning of classical Greek when Tyndale first translated the New Testament in 1534. His work was an enormous influence on the King James Bible of 1611. Over<strong><em> 82 percent </em></strong>of its words, both in the New and Old Testament, are the exact words in the <strong><em>1534 translation by William Tyndale</em></strong>. But even with the best Oxford education that Tyndale received, subsequent thorough extensive study of classical Greek texts have provided additional meanings which require revision of various passages in the New Testament.</p>
|
||||
<p>For example, one of the most glaring new meanings involves the verb <em><strong>pisteuo</strong></em>. At the time that Tyndale translated the New Testament, he thought this word only meant <em><strong>believe</strong></em> or<strong> </strong><em><strong>trust</strong></em>. However, we now know this word also meant <em><strong>obey</strong></em>.</p>
|
||||
<p>Ever since that realization, scholars have been trying to change the translation of <strong><em>John 3:16</em></strong> to convey more than merely <em>believe</em> in the sense of mental assent. This is because the <strong><em>pisteuo</em></strong> is followed by <strong><em>eis</em></strong>, which would dictate <em>pisteuo</em> means <em><strong>obey</strong></em>. And this is underscored by the fact just twenty verses later — in John 3:36, <strong><em>pisteuo eis</em></strong> is used in direct antithesis to <em>apitheo</em>, which in Greek only meant <strong><em>disobey</em></strong>. The antithesis dictates that<em> pisteuo</em> means <em>obey</em> in that verse. And since the expression of 3:36 is identical to 3:16, <em>pisteuo</em> should be revised in 3:16 to mean <strong><em>obey</em></strong>. (See JWOS in html at parts <a href="/JWOS/chapter-26-1jwos.html">1</a>, <a href="/JWOS/chapter-26-2jwos.html">2</a> and <a href="/JWOS/chapter-26-3jwos.html">3</a>; or at the books.google version of JWOS at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4V8tMJ75bnwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jesus%20words%20on%20salvation&pg=PA422">422</a> <em>et seq.</em>)</p>
|
||||
<p>If such change is acknowledged, then Jesus had a salvation doctrine directly contrary to the standard interpretation of what Paul teaches. A notion of regeneration which turns on obedience is contrary to what Torrey believes regenerates you. As a result, even though these evangelical scholars defend <em>obey</em> as the correct meaning of <em>pisteuo</em>, Torrey would obviously reject their definition of<em> pisteuo</em> as present in John 3:16. This is because their view that<em> pisteuo</em> means <em><strong>obey</strong></em> would make them an unregenerated person in Torrey’s view.</p>
|
||||
<p>The correct approach is actually stated by Torrey elsewhere. Instead, one must humble themself and <strong><em>not superimpose </em></strong>their view on a passage. We must listen to experts who know Greek or Hebrew better than ourselves. Torrey correctly says elsewhere:</p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">Do not come to the Bible seeking <em><strong>confirmation for your own ideas</strong></em>. Come not to find a confirmation of your own but to be <em><strong>taught what God may be pleased to teach</strong></em>. If a man comes to the Bible just to find his notions taught there, he will find them. But if he comes, <em><strong>recognizing his own ignorance</strong></em>, just as a little child seeks to be taught, he will find something infinitely better than his own notions. <em>Id.</em>, at 16.</p>
|
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<p>But if Torrey truly acknowledges these propositions in this just quoted text, he should never justify ignoring experts in Greek or Hebrew. To do so thereby opens the door to rely upon our <strong><em>presupposition</em></strong> about a doctrine to determine what a passage really means. We will wrongly reject the ‘spiritually’ blind scholar because ‘we know better.’</p>
|
||||
<p>Unfortunately, Torrey is not consistent about keeping preconceptions behind. He tells us how insignificant knowledge of the Greek or Hebrew is when understanding the Bible — despite the fact it is a 100% translated text! He amazingly states:</p>
|
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;">It is<strong><em> unfortunate</em></strong> that more<strong><em> emphasis is often placed on a knowledge of Greek and Hebrew</em></strong> in training for the ministry and his placed on a spiritual life and its consequence brick of the sermon. <em>Id.</em> at 9.</p>
|
||||
<p>But how can one have any spiritual discernment if one has the wrong translation? What if what you assume is a spiritually correct reading is based on an error? Thus, you cannot put spiritual discernment ahead of knowledge of the authentic text. You can never have discernment without an accurate text.</p>
|
||||
<p>This was <strong><em>Eve’s error</em></strong>. Satan knew the power of a misquote, as he employed against Eve a wrong account of God’s statements to her. Eve’s protection would have been to actually try to recall the <strong><em>true words</em></strong> of God rather than rely upon Satan’s misquote. That’s one of the moral lessons from that story. Go back to God’s original words, and double-check. The story in Genesis is not about Eve failing to have a mystical experience with the Holy Spirit and thereby failing to spiritually ‘discern’ a misquote. Rather, her memory failed her, and thus in the future, we must scrupulously examine what God has said through the records of validated prophets.</p>
|
||||
<h3>Poverty of Emphasis on Knowledge of Biblical Languages</h3>
|
||||
<p>In reality, there is very little emphasis in the Christian community on knowledge of the Greek or Hebrew languages. Torrey is encouraging tolerance for this ongoing modern phenomenon.</p>
|
||||
<p>However only several generations ago, Christians did have familiarity with classical languages as a means of assisting themselves in translating the Bible. They thought the Bible’s language was Latin. The Bible had been translated into Latin in 411 A.D. Catholicism ingrained into everyone the assumption that this was the original language. With that assumption, all those who made serious study of the Bible were always anxious to know Latin so that they could read the Bible in what they thought was its most authentic form.</p>
|
||||
<p>Now that we know better, and we realize the New Testament was written in Greek, we should put the same emphasis upon every Bible student to have an<em><strong> interlinear translation</strong></em> that shows the Greek and that they methodically use a reliable Greek dictionary.</p>
|
||||
<p>Any other approach leaves the Bible student at the mercy of whatever politics may have influenced an English translation. It is indisputable that many passages are translated, even in the best English translations, with bias.</p>
|
||||
<h3>Presence of Bias Necessitates Studying Underlying Languages</h3>
|
||||
<p>It may be discouraging to learn some English translations suffer from bias. However, I trust anyone who has picked up this book about studying the Bible will not lose heart merely by learning human failings influence the translation. And if you are serious about studying the Bible, you have to know right now that bias has seriously corrupted several passages. The only way to escape such bias is to have your own resources to test the translation. And the only way to do this is to have an interlinear translation and a good Greek dictionary. All these resources are now free online. (See below for a link to download Interlinear Software.)</p>
|
||||
<h3>Examples of Bias</h3>
|
||||
<p>For example, the King James Bible deliberately corrupted the translation of<strong><em> Hebrews 6:46</em></strong>. The translators were dominated by the Puritan party. These gentlemen were strict Calvinists. They were locked in a doctrinal dispute with the Arminian party over the issue of whether a Christian can lose their salvation. The Calvinists contended that once one was regenerated, it was impossible to fall away to damnation. God would cause predestination and complete success. The Arminian party contended principally based on<em> Hebrews 6:46</em> that the contrary was true.</p>
|
||||
<p>It is indisputable that the way Hebrews 6:46 reads in the Greek is that a group of people who already had been born of the spirit but who had fallen away by renouncing Christ will never repent again, and they are damned. Arminius was correct in how he read the passage. However, the Calvinist party tried winning the debate by using the influence of the King James Bible. They deliberately altered the translation so that it was now a hypothetical <strong><em>if</em></strong> they fell away. Also, instead of the Greek completed aorist tense (signifying a past completed event) which said they <em><strong>had fallen away</strong></em>, the King James’ translators made it an <strong><em>iffy</em></strong> subjunctive tense. It now read, “<em><strong>if</strong></em> they<strong><em> should</em></strong> fall away” instead of “those who fell away...”</p>
|
||||
<p>This was used to remove from the Bible the true reading of a verse solely because it supported the anti-Calvinist position!</p>
|
||||
<p>These and many other examples could be shown.</p>
|
||||
<p>The problem is that if you start with Torrey’s approach, you easily could reject the correct translation of Hebrews 6:46. Its true translation clearly supports the Arminian doctrine of salvation. However, Calvinists and most modern evangelicals wed to eternal security doctrine believe the Arminians are heretics and lost. The Calvinists have been comforted by a false translation produced by their party leaders who edited the King James Bible.</p>
|
||||
<p>Hence, if you use Torrey’s approach and you are Calvinist or such evangelicals, you will not listen to Greek experts who point out that Hebrews 6:46 lacks the <strong><em>if</em></strong> and the <em><strong>subjunctive tense</strong></em> which is present in the King James Bible. For you will conclude that those experts are not regenerate by the very salvation doctrine which you form in reliance upon the false translation. You will adhere to your ‘spiritually discerned’ truth by the strength of the incorrect translation you are reading in the King James Bible!</p>
|
||||
<h2>Recommendation</h2>
|
||||
<p>As a result, you should not read the Bible without skepticism regarding the English translation. Instead, you must have a Greek interlinear available at all times, and access to a reliable Greek dictionary. I recommend for download software containing the Interlinear Greek New Testament at this website: <a href="http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/ Greek_Index.htm">http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/ Greek_Index.htm</a>.</p>
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<h3>Recommendations</h3>
|
||||
<p><a href="/Audio/music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/justjesus0ece-20">Just Jesus: His Living Words (2011)</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jesusonchurchstructure-20">Jesus' Words on Church Structure</a> by S. Rives</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.jesusfocusedpublishers.com/"></a></p>
|
||||
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<h2>Genesis 1:1 Bible Study</h2>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">These are notes I made to study Genesis 1:1 in a session with other believers.</span></p>
|
||||
<h2><strong>Verse 1:1</strong></h2>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span> </span>1<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<h3><strong><span>Hebrew transliterated with verbs </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>Genesis<a href="http://bible.cc/genesis/1-1.htm"> 1:1</a> in Hebrew reads: "Bereishit bara Elohim et hashamayim ve'et ha'aretz."</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">The verb<em> bara</em> [translated made] indicates third person <strong><em>singular </em></strong>masculine. For a plural, it would have been <em>baru</em>. Thus, it reads "Elohim...made" -- singular subject not plural.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>The <em>heaven</em> of the first verse is actually a plural – the <em>heavens</em>.</span></p>
|
||||
<h3><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>Beginning</span></strong></h3>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>Beginning</span></strong><span>. <em>reshiyt</em>, the "head-part, beginning" of a thing, in point of time (Genesis </span><st1:time minute="10" hour="10"><span>10:10)</span></st1:time><span>, or value (Proverbs 1:7). Its opposite is <em>achariyth</em> Isaiah 46:10. (re'shiyth).</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">"Iin the beginning," is always used in reference to time. Here only is it taken absolutely.</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>God</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>1:1 Message-ONE GOD CREATOR</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">CreationWiki</span></span></strong></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>The major literary tradition bearing witness to <strong><em>monotheism</em></strong> began in the Hebrew Bible. It was established in the clearest form by the first verse of the Bible, Genesis 1:1. The tradition continued throughout the Old Testament, and carried over into the foundational writings of Christianity, the New Testament, and also into Islam's Qur'an. </span><span><span> </span></span><a href="/ http://creationwiki.org/Monotheism"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>http://creationwiki.org/Monotheism</a></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>Geisler - 1:1 message is Monotheism</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p></o:p></span>Of the same view is the article entiled <em>PRIMITIVE MONOTHEISM</em> by Norman L. Geisler, Ph.D., found in the <em>Christian Apologetics Journal</em>, Volume 1, No.1 (Spring 1998) at page 1</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.ses.edu/Portals/0/journal/articles/1.1Geisler.pdf">http://www.ses.edu/Portals/0/journal/articles/1.1Geisler.pdf</a> Here is an excerpt:</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">The Bible teaches that monotheism was the earliest conception of God. The very first verse of Genesis is monotheistic: "In the beginning God created the heavens and<span> </span>the earth" (Gen. 1:1). All<span> </span>the patriarchs, Abraham,<span> </span>Isaac and Jacob, reflect an<span> </span>early monotheism (Gen. 12-50). This reveals<strong><em> one God who created the world and who, therefore, is prior to, more than, and different from the world</em></strong>. These are the essential elements of theism or monotheism. Likewise, long before Moses, Joseph clearly believed in a moral monotheism. His refusal to commit adultery was because it would be a sin<span> </span>against God. While<span> </span>resisting the<span> </span>temptation of Potiphar's wife he declared: "How<span> </span>can I do<span> </span>this great wickedness, and sin<span> </span>against God?" (Gen. 39:9). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span>The other book in the Bible<span> </span>that reflects an<span> </span>ancient<span> </span>pre-Mosaic period, Job,<span> </span>clearly has a monotheistic view of God. There is good evidence<span> </span>that the book of Job was set in<span> </span>pre-Mosaic patriarchal times (see below). It speaks of an "almighty" (see </span><st1:time minute="17" hour="17"><span>5:17</span></st1:time><span>; </span><st1:time minute="14" hour="18"><span>6:14</span></st1:time><span>; 8:3, etc.) personal God (cf. 1:7-8) who created the world (38:4) who is sovereign over it (42:1-2).</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>No other Creator</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Isaiah <a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+44:24&version=KJV">44:24</a>Thus saith the LORD, thy redeemer, and he that formed thee from the womb, I am the LORD that maketh all things; that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself;</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>Jesus - greatest command - Lord is ONE</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>American Standard Version</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Mark <a href="http://bible.cc/mark/12-29.htm">12:29</a>-30. Jesus answered, The first is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God, the<em><strong> Lord is one</strong></em>:." [Jesus is quoting verse, Deut 6:4, saying "Yahweh is one." It did not get translated well there.]</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>Barnes commentary on Jesus’s remarks:</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>Barnes' Notes on the Bible</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Hear, O </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span>Israel</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span>! - This was said to call the attention of the Jews to the great importance of the truth about to be proclaimed. See Deuteronomy 6:4-5.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>The Lord our God ... - Literally, "Yahweh,<strong><em> our God, is one Yahweh</em></strong>." The other nations worshipped many gods, but <strong><em>the God of the Jews was one, and one only</em></strong>.<span> </span>Yahweh was <em><strong>undivided</strong></em>; and this great truth it was the design of the separation of the Jewish people from other nations to keep in mind. This was the "peculiar" truth which was communicated to the Jews, and this they were required to keep and remember forever.</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Jesus answered him, the first of all the commandments is,.... Christ replied at once, without taking any time to consider of it, that the chief and principal of all the commands of the law, and what is of the greatest importance is, hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord. The Vulgate Latin, and Arabic versions read, "<strong><em>one God</em></strong>"; but the Syriac, and Ethiopic render it, "one Lord"; and that rightly, agreeably to the Greek text, and to Deuteronomy 6:4, from whence this is taken. This passage of Scripture, to the end of the ninth verse, is the first of the sections which were put into their phylacteries; See Gill on Matthew 23:5; and was repeated twice every day, morning and evening; which is by the Jews called from the first word , "the reading of the Shema":</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><strong><span>Wikipedia on Elohim</span></strong></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> E</o:p></span><span>lohim is a plural formation of eloah, the latter being an expanded form of the Northwest Semitic noun il el [1]). It is the usual word for "god" in the Hebrew Bible, <strong><em>referring with singular verbs both to the one God of </em></strong></span><st1:country-region><st1:place><strong><em><span>Israel</span></em></strong></st1:place></st1:country-region><strong><em><span>,</span></em></strong><span> and also in a few examples to other singular pagan deities. With plural verbs the word is also used as <strong><em>a true plural</em></strong> with the meaning "gods".[2]</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">The singular forms eloah and el are used as proper names or as generics, in which case they are interchangeable with elohim.[3]<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>****</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>In Hebrew the form of the word Elohim, with the ending -im, which normally indicates a masculine plural, however with Elohim the construction is <strong><em>usually grammatically singular</em></strong>, (i.e. it governs <strong><em>a singular verb or adjective</em></strong>) when referring to the<strong><em> Hebrew God</em></strong>, but <strong><em>grammatically plural</em></strong> (i.e. taking a plural verb or adjective) when used of pagan divinities (Psalms 96:5; 97:7).</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohim</a><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Psalm 96:5 = Example of Elohim with plural verb to signify false gods</span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>For all the gods of the peoples are idols; But Jehovah made the heavens. (ASV)</span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Cross-reference of Hebrew for Gods in Psalm 96 </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://biblos.com/psalms/96-5.htm">http://biblos.com/psalms/96-5.htm</a> <span> </span>inks to</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Strongs on Elohim</span></strong></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">http://strongsnumbers.com/hebrew/430.htm<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><o:p> </o:p></span>Transliteration: elohim</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Phonetic Spelling: (el-o-heem')<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Short Definition: God<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Word Origin<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">pl. of eloah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Definition<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">God, god<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">NASB Word Usage<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">divine (1), divine being (1), exceedingly (1), God (2326), god (45), God's (14), goddess (2), godly (1), gods (204), great (2), judges (3), mighty (2), rulers (1), shrine* (1).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">angels, exceeding, God, very great, mighty<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Plural of 'elowahh; gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative -- angels, X exceeding, God (gods)(-dess, -ly), X (very) great, judges, X mighty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>see HEBREW 'elowahh</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Hebrew Matthew usage of Elohim </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew ch. 16<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>(16)<span> </span>And Simon </span><strong><span>called Petros</span></strong><span> / Peter answered and said, Thou art the Messiah, </span><strong><span>that is the</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Kristo</span></strong><span> / Christ</span><a name="_ednref1"></a> <span> the Son of the living God (</span><strong><em><span>Ben-Elohim-Chai’m</span></em></strong><span>) </span><strong><span>who has come into this world</span></strong><span>.<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew 19:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>(26)<span> </span>And Jesus looking upon them said to them, With men </span><strong><span>the matter is difficult</span></strong><span> / </span><strong><s><span>this is impossible</span></s></strong><span>; but with God (</span><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span>) all things are </span><strong><span>easy</span></strong><span> / </span><strong><s><span>possible</span></s></strong><span>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew 22<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>(21)<span> </span>They say unto him, Caesar’s. Then saith he unto them, </span><strong><span>Return</span></strong><span> / </span><strong><s><span>Render</span></s></strong><span> therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and unto God (</span><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span>) the things that are God's (</span><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span>’s).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew 22<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>(32)<span> </span>“I </span><strong><span>Yahweh </span></strong><strong><span>am the </span></strong><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span> / God of Abraham, and the </span><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span> / God of Isaac, and the </span><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span> / God of Jacob”? </span><strong><span>If so</span></strong><span>, God (</span><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span>) is not the God (</span><strong><em><span>Elohim</span></em></strong><span>) of the dead, but of the living.</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Matthew 22<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>(37)<span> </span>And he said unto him, Thou shalt </span><strong><span>love Yahweh, your Elohim</span></strong><a name="_ednref3"></a><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span> </span></span><strong><s><span>the Lord thy God</span></s></strong><span> with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Uniplural Nouns </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Elohim is similar to a <strong><em>uniplural noun</em></strong>. A uniplural noun can be used to indicate <strong><em>an object in the singular or plural sense</em></strong>. Example: The word sheep can be used to describe one sheep or many sheep. Example: Deer. One deer was at the lake. Many deer are in the woods. Even though Elohim is the plural form of the word, it is ALWAYS translated in the singular form when used in reference to the one true God. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>http://www.whoisjesus.com/elohim.html</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Verb "created" - plural or singular? </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">In <strong>http://www.israelofgod.org/elohim1.htm</strong>, we learn:</span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">In Hebrew, a numerically plural noun has three characteristics:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">It receives a plural suffix;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">It receives a plural verb;<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">It receives a plural adjective<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span><span> </span>So the first thing we must check about Elohim is whether it gets a plural adjective and plural verb, because this will tell us whether or not it is a numerical plural denoting multiplicity. In the very first verse of the Torah we read ... "<strong>Elohim (he) created</strong>". Were Elohim a numerical plural, the verse would have to say ... "<strong>Elohim (they) created</strong>". Indeed, the word Elohim appears in its plural form over 2000 times throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and<strong><em> in virtually every instance it has a singular verb</em></strong>. It is always "And Elohim (he) spoke to Moses " and never "And Elohim (they) spoke to Moses ". The same thing can be found with the adjective. The adjective for Elohim is singular, not plural. Thus we find "righteous (sg) Elohim" (Ps </span><st1:time minute="10" hour="19"><span>7:10</span></st1:time><span>) and not "righteous (pl) Elohim".<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">****<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>It is worth noting that the word Elohim is not always a majestic plural. When referring to the pagan gods, the term Elohim is usually a numerical plural. For example, the second commandment forbids us to worship "other (pl) gods". In this phrase, not only does <strong><em>Elohim have the plural suffix</em></strong>, but it receives a <strong><em>plural adjective</em></strong><span> </span>"other (pl)." This tells us that in the second commandment Elohim is used not as an majestic plural but as a numerical plural denoting multiplicity. The prohibition is not against a specific "other (sg) god" but against any "other (pl) gods"</span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Other references in Genesis to God/El/Elohim </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Genesis 17:1 And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God (El- -singular); Genesis 17:3 And Abram fell on his face: and God (Elohim- -plural) talked with him. God (El- -singular) appeared to Abram. Only one individual appeared in Genesis 17:1, but in 17:3, that same individual, God (Elohim- -plural), appeared to Abram. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Isaiah 45:21 Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel together: who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it from that time? have not I the LORD? and there is no God (Elohim, plural) else beside me; a just God<span> </span>(El, singular) and a Saviour; there is none beside me. Verse 22: Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth: for I am God (El, singular) and there is none else.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>http://www.whoisjesus.com/elohim.html</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Created </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Created</span></strong><span>. ba¯ra¯', "create, give being to something new." It always has God for its subject. Its object may be anything: matter Genesis 1:1; animal life Genesis </span><st1:time minute="21" hour="13"><span>1:21</span></st1:time><span>; spiritual life Genesis </span><st1:time minute="27" hour="13"><span>1:27</span></st1:time><span>. Hence, creation is not confined to a single point of time. Whenever anything absolutely new - that is, not involved in anything previously extant - is called into existence, there is creation Numbers 16:30. Any thing or event may also be said to be created by Him, who created the whole system of nature to which it belongs Malachi 2:10. The verb in its simple form occurs forty-eight times (of which eleven are in Genesis, fourteen in the whole Pentateuch, and twenty-one in Isaiah), and always in one sense.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>http://bible.cc/genesis/1-1.htm</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Strong's </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Transliteration: bara'<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Phonetic Spelling: (baw-raw')<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Short Definition: choose<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">choose, create creator, cut down, dispatch, do, make fat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">A primitive root; (absolutely) to create; (qualified) to cut down (a wood), select, feed (as formative processes) -- choose, create (creator), cut down, dispatch, do, make (fat). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>http://strongsnumbers.com/hebrew/1254.htm</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Heavens </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>The heaven of the first verse is actually a plural – the heavens.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">cfr. verse 8: heaven is different word in Hebrew:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
|
||||
<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span>Gen 1: 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>Patrick 1695 Commentary </span></strong><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><em>A commentary upon the first book of Moses, called Genesis</em> By Simon Patrick<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
|
||||
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">(1695) at<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xwIrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT15#v=onepage&q&f=false"> 1</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">http://books.google.com/books?id=xwIrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT22&output=text#c_top<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Verse 1. <strong>In the beginnings</strong> The World is not eternal, but had a beginning, as all Philosophers acknowledged before Aristotle. So he himself informs us, L. 1. de Cœlo, cap. 2. ( speaking of the ancient Opinions concerning the Original of the World). They all say it had a. beginning : But some thought it might have no End others judged it to be Corruptible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>God created</span></strong><span>. He who is Eternal gave a Being to this great Fabrick of Heaven and Earth, out of Nothing. It is observed by Eusebius (in the beginning of his Book De Prœpar. Evang. p. a I, & 25. Edit. </span><st1:city><st1:place><span>Paris</span></st1:place></st1:city><span>.) That neither the ancient Historians, nor the Philosophers, do so much as mention God,<span> </span>No, not so far as to name him, when they write of the beginning of the World. But this Divine Law-giver, designing to hang the whole Frame of his Polity, upon Piety towards God, and to make the Creator of all, the Founder of his Laws, begins with him. Not after the manner of the Egyptians and Phœnicians, who <strong><em>bestowed this adorable Name, upon a great Multitude</em></strong> : But puts in the Front of his Work, the Name of the <strong><em>sole Cause</em></strong> of all things the Maker of whatsoever is seen or unseen. As if he had told the Hebrew Nation, That he who gave them the Law contained in these Books, was the Ring and Law-giver of the whole World: Which was,like a great City, governed by him. Whom therefore he would have them look upon, not only as the Enacter of their Laws; but of those also which all Nature obeys. </span><span lang="NL">See L. VII. De Pr<epar. Evang. c. 9,10. L. XII. c. 16. </span><span><<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p style="padding-left: 30px;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span>The Heaven and the Earth</span></strong><span>. The Hebrew Particle Eth, put before both Heaven and Earth , signifies as much as with, if Maimonides understood it aright; and makes the Sense to be this: He created the Heavens, with <strong><em>all things in the Heavens,</em></strong> and the Earth with <strong><em>all things in the Earth</em></strong><span> </span>as his Words are in More Nevochim , P. II. cap. 30. Certain it is these two words, Heaven and Earth, comprehend the whole visible World. Some would have the Angels comprehended in the word Heaven particularly Epiphanius, Hære£ LXV. n. 45. But others of the Fathers are or a different Opinion, as Petavius there observes. It is a pretty Conceit of Theophilus Antiochenus, L. 2. ad Autolycum, That the Heavens are mentioned before the Earths to show that God's Works are not like ours: For <strong><em>he begins at the top, we at the bottom</em></strong> : That is, he <strong><em>first made the fixed Stars and all beyond them</em></strong>, (so I take the word Heaven here to signifie) for they had a beginning, as well as this lower World , though they do not seem to be comprehended in the fix,days Work,, which relates only to this Planetary World, as I may call it, which hath the Sun for its Center. And thus Philo understood the first word Berefchith, in the beginning, to respect <strong><em>the order wherein things were created</em></strong>. God began his Creation with the Heaven, as the most noble Body, and then proceeded to the Earth $ an account of which follows.</span><span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td valign="top" ><span><span><span><span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 10pt;">"To see Jesus with bodily eyes is... a wonderful thing! It only remains that we know if it is true. In all ages men have covered falsehoods with the veil of religion, that the appearance of divinity might conceal the human fraud." (Petrach, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Decamaron</span>.)</span></span></span></span></span></td>
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
||||
<div class="moduleS1">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<h3>Recommendations</h3>
|
||||
<p><a href="/Audio/music-store-manager.html">Only Jesus</a> (great song by Big Daddy)</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/justjesus0ece-20">Just Jesus: His Living Words (2011)</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/jesusonchurchstructure-20">Jesus' Words on Church Structure</a> by S. Rives</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.jesusfocusedpublishers.com/"></a></p>
|
||||
<p> </p> </div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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<a href="/JWO/jesuswordsonly.html"><img alt="JesusWordsOnS-cropsmall" src="/images/stories/JesusWordsOnS-cropsmall.jpg" width="116" height="117" /></a> </div>
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<a href="/JWOS/jesuswordssalvation.html"><img alt="JesusWordsSalv-crop2" src="/images/stories/JesusWordsSalv-crop2.jpg" width="114" height="146" /></a> </div>
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<a href="/Did-Calvin-Murder-Servetus/calvinfreebookonline.html"><img src="/images/stories/DidCalvinMurderServetusM.jpg" alt="DidCalvinMurderServetusM" height="NaN" width="120" /></a> </div>
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<h2><img src="/images/stories/lords-prayer.jpg" alt="lords-prayer" style="margin-left: 10px; float: right;" height="263" width="175" /></h2>
|
||||
<h2>How Not to Study the Bible</h2>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">The following online free book offers a unique perspective on how <em>not</em> to study the Bible as it lays out the foundation for interpreting the Book independently, free of biased influences. With the tools found in the following chapters, you will put preconceived notions aside and discover the Word and its truth, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of the Bible as God intended.</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">NEW</span>: Available as an <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xyn37oJAxWYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ebook</a> at Google Books - entirely free viewing.</span></p>
|
||||
<div>Chapter One: No Presuppositions (<a href="/images/stories/How Not To Study the Bible/Ch 1.pdf">PDF</a>) or (<a href="/Bible/chapter-1how-not-to-study-the-bible.html">HTML</a>).</div>
|
||||
<div>Chapter Two: No Deliberate Ignorance (<a href="/images/stories/How Not To Study the Bible/Ch 2.pdf">PDF</a>) or (<a href="/Bible/chapter-2-how-not-to-study-the-bible.html">HTML</a>).</div>
|
||||
<div>Chapter Three: No Rash Opinions (<a href="/images/stories/How Not To Study the Bible/Ch 3.pdf">PDF</a>) or (<a href="/Bible/ch-3-how-not-to-study-the-bible.html">HTML</a>)</div>
|
||||
<div>Chapter Four: No Throwing Away of Reason (<a href="/images/stories/How Not To Study the Bible/Ch 4.pdf">PDF</a>) or (<a href="/Bible/ch-4-how-not-to-study-the-bible.html">HTML</a>)</div>
|
||||
<div>Chapter Five: Not By Piecemeal (<a href="/images/stories/How Not To Study the Bible/Ch 5.pdf">PDF</a>) or (<a href="/Bible/ch5-how-not-to-study-the-bible.html">HTML</a>)</div>
|
||||
<div>Chapter Six: No Traditional Reading Order for the Original Testament (<a href="/images/stories/How Not To Study the Bible/Ch 6.pdf">PDF</a>) or (<a href="/Bible/ch-6-how-not-to-study-the-bible.html">HTML</a>)</div>
|
||||
<div>Chapter Seven: No Traditional Reading Order for the New Testament (<a href="/images/stories/How Not To Study the Bible/Ch 7.pdf">PDF</a>) or (<a href="/Bible/ch-7-how-not-to-study-the-bible.html">HTML</a>)</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h2>Bible Study Topics</h2>
|
||||
<p><a href="/Bible/genesis-11-bible-study.html">Gen. 1:1</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="/Bible/genesis-11-bible-study.html"></a><a href="/Recommended-Reading/bible-studies-anger.html">Anger: What Does The Bible Teach?</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="/Recommended-Reading/bible-studies-anger.html"></a><a href="/Recommended-Reading/bible-lesson-on-debt.html">What the Bible Says About Being in Debt</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="/Recommended-Reading/bible-studies-doing-good.html">Doing Good: Is It Optional? Only for Rewards? Or Itself A Command of God Whose Violation is Sin?</a></p>
|
||||
<p><a href="/Recommended-Reading/bible-study-on-whether-mocking-humor-to-friends-is-funny.html">Putdowns -- Are they Christian if in Jest?</a></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<h2>Online Resources</h2>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/Greek_Index.htm"><span style="color: #000000;">Interlinear New Testament</span></a> - online English New Testament with Greek interlineated</span></li>
|
||||
<li><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.scripture4all.org/download/download_ISA20.php"><span style="color: #000000;">Interlinear New Testament Download</span></a> - same but in downloaded form</span></li>
|
||||
<li><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;">Liddell Scott Greek Dictionary (LSJ) - every word of New Testament linked to Greek. Start at this <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0155:book%3DMatthew:chapter%3D7:verse%3D23">link</a>.</span></li>
|
||||
<li><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.e-sword.net/">E-Sword</a> - free Bible software. In version 9, some Bibles and components which used to be free now cost some money. The free materials -- see this<a href="http://www.e-sword.net/bibles.html"> link</a> -- still make this extremely valuable software. The items to purchase are also less expensive than published books.</span></li>
|
||||
<li><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.vbvbc.org/bible-verse/genesis1-2">Verse by verse Bible commentary</a> -- freely contributed by layman ... interesting.</span></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p> </p>
</td>
|
||||
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|
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