From 639d0b84e2998b611edaec1a2518398cf4955ba0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: embed Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 17:12:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Updates --- AramaicClarificationStatementsInNT.md | 144 +++ ChurchOfTheEastPeshitta.md | 3 +- CodexSinaticusGreekFraud.md | 18 +- EarlyEbioniteMatthew.md | 169 ++- ...sWritingHisEpistleForATrialofPaul__0049.md | 4 +- KingJamesIRulesOfTranslation.md | 40 +- KjvTranslatorsToTheReader.md | 1004 +++++++++++++++++ PeshittAEnglishTranslations.md | 9 +- PeshittaVsPeshitto.md | 381 +++++++ TheDidache.md | 25 +- 10 files changed, 1745 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) create mode 100644 AramaicClarificationStatementsInNT.md create mode 100644 KjvTranslatorsToTheReader.md create mode 100644 PeshittaVsPeshitto.md diff --git a/AramaicClarificationStatementsInNT.md b/AramaicClarificationStatementsInNT.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb29180 --- /dev/null +++ b/AramaicClarificationStatementsInNT.md @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +Parent: [[ChurchOfTheEastPeshitta]] + +## Aramaic Clarification Statements In NT + +http://www.peshitta.org/for/archive/index.php?thread-2572.html + + The Greek text of the New Testament along with the AENT have a + number of places where Aramaic words are embedded within the + text. What I struggle to understand is why the authors needed to + provide clarification statements for these words if the Aramaic + readers already knew the words? + +So far as I have seen...here are all the places (Yes) in the Eastern +Aramaic Scriptures (PeshittA) which have these clarifications, like +the Greek and all other language versions, which translated from the +Greek version...AND here are all the verses (No) which the Greek and +all other language versions have, but which the Aramaic Scriptures do +not have, being alone in this respect, since it is not a translation +of the Greek text, like all other language versions are: To compare +the texts, I have added the Syriac Sinaitic Palimpsest and the Western +Peshitto readings as well. + +Matthew: +| 27:33 | PeshittA: Yes | OldScratch: No | Western: Yes | +| 27:46 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: No | Western: No | + +Mark: +| 3:17 | PeshittA: Yes | OldScratch: No | Western: Yes | +| 5:41 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: N/A | Western: No | +| 7:34 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: No | Western: No | +| 7:11 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: No | Western: No | +| 14:36 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: N/A | Western: No | +| 15:22 | PeshittA: Yes | OldScratch: No | Western: Yes | +| 15:34 | PeshittA: Yes | OldScratch: No | Western: Yes | + +John: +| 1:38 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: No | Western: No | +| 1:41 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: No | Western: No | +| 9:7 | PeshittA: No | OldScratch: No | Western: No | +| 11:16 | PeshittA: Yes | OldScratch: No | Western: Yes | +| 19:13 | PeshittA: Yes | OldScratch: N/A | Western: Yes | +| 20:16 | PeshittA: Yes | OldScratch: No | Western: Yes | + +Acts: +| 1:19 | PeshittA: Yes | Western: Yes | +| 4:36 | PeshittA: Yes | Western: Yes | +| 9:36 | PeshittA: No | Western: No | +| 13:8 | PeshittA: Yes | Western: Yes | +-Note: Here, an Arabic name is translated into an Aramaic name for the sorcerer. + +Hebrew: +| 7:2 | PeshittA: Yes | Western: Yes | +Note: Here, a Hebrew name is translated into an Aramaic name for the Priest. + +Galatians: +| 4:6 | PeshittA: No | Western: No | + +**No = 10 times Yes = 11 times** + +Ten (10) times there is no clarifications given in the Eastern +PeshittA and Western Peshitto Aramaic Scriptures, where the Greek and +all other Language versions have them. + +Eleven (11) times there are clarifications given in the Eastern +PeshittA and Western Peshitto Aramaic Scriptures, as also in the Greek +and all other Language versions. + +Therefore the Greek and all other Language versions, which translated +from the Greek text...have all the 21 occurances...whereas the +PeshittA Eastern Aramaic Scriptures only have 11 of these 21 +occurances...and in this it is unique to all others, which have +translated from the Greek their source text. + +To me this is more proof that The PeshittA is NOT a translation of the +Greek...if it were...it would show, it seems to me all of these 21 +occurrences I have found, like all the Latin and all the Coptic +versions do for instance.... and all the other Language translations +of the Greek text version. + +### distazo 08-20-2011, 07:36 AM + +I also have made such a list where I got the result that 6 times, no +clarification is given. + +In addition, I would like to add to this list: + +John 11:16 (Didymus / Tuma) +John 9:7 Hebrew-Syriac +John 19:13 + +Mark 7:11 Korban/Qurbany +(Here the Greek shows a hebrew word, not an Aramaic one) + +Acts 13:8 (Here there is an Arabic translation. G.d. Bauscher says +that Alumas is Arabic for sorcerer) + +Hebrew 7:2 (Hebrew- Aramaic) +Galatians 4:6 Aba ho pater - Abba Abun + +### Thirdwoe 08-20-2011, 10:45 AM + +This brings the totals to 20 clarifications/interpretations in the +Greek and its translations. And adds 3 more as I judge, to the 6 +verses in the Aramaic Scriptures where no clarifications/interpretations +are given...for a total of 9 verses/places where they do not appear. + +**New Clarification Total in Eastern Aramaic PeshittA (Khabouris Codex):** +11 Yes +9 No + +As far as I know...this does not occur in any translation of the Greek NT. + +Is it not more probable that the Greek version is translating the +Aramaic Scriptures in all these 20 places...and needs to clarify or +interpret the Aramaic terms for its readers...than it would be that +the Aramaic Scriptures would not need to clarify or interpret the +terms in the 9 places that it leaves be as worded? + +If there is a good study on all this, I would love to read through +it...if not, I think it would be an interesting investigation...as to +which is more likely and why, from a language vantage point. + +Certainly it seems not likely a case of scribal error, where the +Aramaic Scribe of the Eastern PeshittA would have missed these 9 +places out of the 20 found in the Greek text (if it is to be believed +that the PeshittA is a translation of the Greek text)....but more +likely, it is that the Greek Scribe has made all the clarifications +that seemed best to make the meaning clear to the Greek readers...in +all the 20 places where this need arises in the Aramaic NT Scriptures. + +If the Aramaic is translating the Greek...then the Aramaic Scribe is +deleting parts of what he would know to be the inspired Word of +God...something that I don't think he would do, or his employers would +tolerate....But the Greek Scribe...in adding clarifications or +translations in brackets or otherwise indicating what he is doing in +bringing the meaning of the source text (Aramaic)...is not destroying +the reading at all, but retains all of it...yet enhancing it.. when +bringing the meaning of the Language through into the Greek Language... + +I say this is great proof of Aramaic Primacy. + + +--- +[[Home]] [[TitleIndex]] diff --git a/ChurchOfTheEastPeshitta.md b/ChurchOfTheEastPeshitta.md index b1204e4..57c8302 100644 --- a/ChurchOfTheEastPeshitta.md +++ b/ChurchOfTheEastPeshitta.md @@ -39,11 +39,12 @@ that have near perfect agreement regardless of the century they date from: The differences to the TR are relatively small, and the Eastern PeshittAs should also be free from Constantinunist or Roman or [[KjvTampering]], -unlike the Westerns which were brought info alignment with Zorba. +unlike the Westerns which were brought info alignment with the Greek. I think the OT is considered to be from the Hebrew before 3 c., so neither Masoretic nor LXX. * [[PeshittasEasternOrWestern]] +* [[AramaicClarificationStatementsInNT]] * https://peshitta.org * https://www.dukhrana.com/ diff --git a/CodexSinaticusGreekFraud.md b/CodexSinaticusGreekFraud.md index 12ec564..ff5934f 100644 --- a/CodexSinaticusGreekFraud.md +++ b/CodexSinaticusGreekFraud.md @@ -9,8 +9,24 @@ that does not conflict with an upcoming "One World Religion". Or both. A bibles based on the combination of Sinaiticus and Vaticanus are based on a fraud and are to be avoided. -See [[Greek Codex Hierosolymitanus]] +See [[GreekHierosolymitanus]] +Here's a great [19th c. style quote](http://web.archive.org/web/20120512021709/http://preteristarchive.com/Books/1924_mauro_which-version.html) +on the Sinaiticus: + + But whether or not the Sinaitic Ms. is the most ancient of all now + known to exist, it is, beyond any doubt whatever, the most defective, + corrupt, and untrustworthy. Our reasons for this assertion + (reasons which are ample to establish it) will be given later on. + We wish at this point merely to note the fact (leaving the proof + thereof for a subsequent chapter) that the most serious of the + many departures of the R.V. from the A.V. are due to the unhappy + conjunction of an unsound principle of evidence and the fortuitous + discovery, by a scholar who had accepted that principle, of a very + ancient Greek Ms. of the N.T., a Ms. which, despite its + unquestioned antiquity turns out to be about the worst and most + "scandalously corrupt" of all the Greek Texts now known to exist. + ### Links * https://www.sinaiticus.net/ diff --git a/EarlyEbioniteMatthew.md b/EarlyEbioniteMatthew.md index 0b30e1c..462df58 100644 --- a/EarlyEbioniteMatthew.md +++ b/EarlyEbioniteMatthew.md @@ -12,39 +12,39 @@ All of the "Church Fathers", both East and West, testified to the Semitic origin of at least the Book of Matthew, as the following quotes demonstrate: -**Papias (150-170 C.E.)** +**Papias (150-170 AD)** Matthew composed the words in the Hebrew dialect, and each translated as he was able. (quoted by Eusebius Eccl. Hist. 3:39) -**Ireneus (170 C.E.)** +**Ireneus (170 AD)** Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect. (Irenaeus; Against Heresies 3:1) -**Origen (c. 210 C.E.)** +**Origen (c. 210 AD)** The first is written according to Matthew, the same that was once a tax collector, but afterwards an emissary of Yeshua the Messiah, who having published it for the Jewish believers, wrote it in Hebrew. (quoted by Eusebius; Eccl. Hist. 6:25) -**Eusebius (c. 315 C.E.)** +**Eusebius (c. 315 AD)** Matthew also, having first proclaimed the Gospel in Hebrew, when on the point of going also to the other nations, committed it to writing in his native tongue, and thus supplied the want of his presence to them by his writings. (Eusebius; Eccl. Hist. 3:24) -Pantaenus... penetrated as far as India, where it is reported that he -found the Gospel according to Matthew, which had been delivered before -his arrival to some who had the knowledge of Messiah, to whom -Bartholomew, one of the emissaries, as it is said, had proclaimed, and -left them the writing of Matthew in Hebrew letters. (Eusebius; -**Eccl. Hist. 5:10)** +**Pantaenus... (d. 200 AD, teacher of Clement of Alexandria)** +penetrated as far as India, where it is reported that he found the +Gospel according to Matthew, which had been delivered before his +arrival to some who had the knowledge of Messiah, to whom Bartholomew, +one of the emissaries, as it is said, had proclaimed, and left them +the writing of Matthew in Hebrew letters. (Eusebius; Eccl. Hist. 5:10) -**Epiphanius (370 C.E.)** +**Epiphanius (370 AD)** They have the Gospel according to Matthew quite complete in Hebrew, for this Gospel is certainly still preserved among them as it was first written, in Hebrew letters. (Epiphanius; Panarion 29:9:4) -**Jerome (382 C.E.)** +**Jerome (382 AD)** "Matthew, who is also Levi, and from a tax collector came to be an emissary first of all evangelists composed a Gospel of Messiah in Judea in the Hebrew language and letters, for the benefit of those of @@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ there preached the advent of our Lord Yeshua the Messiah according to the Gospel of Matthew, which was written in Hebrew letters, and which, on returning to Alexandria, he brought with him." (De Vir. 3:36) -**Isho'dad (850 C.E.)** +**Isho'dad (850 AD)** His book was in existence in Caesarea of Palestine, and everyone acknowledges that he wrote it with his hands in Hebrew... (Isho'dad **Commentary on the Gospels)** -### Other "church fathers" +#### Other "church fathers" Other "church fathers" have testified to the Semitic origin of at least one of Paul's epistles. These "church fathers" claim that Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews was translated into Greek from a Hebrew original, as the following quotes demonstrate: -**Clement of Alexandria (150 - 212 C.E.)** +**Clement of Alexandria (150 - 212 AD)** In the work called Hypotyposes, to sum up the matter briefly he has given us abridged accounts of all the canonical Scriptures,... the Epistle to the Hebrews he asserts was written by Paul, to the Hebrews, @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ in the Hebrew tongue; but that it was carefully translated by Luke, and published among the Greeks. (Clement of Alexandria; Hypotyposes; referred to by Eusebius in Eccl. Hist. 6:14:2) -**Eusebius (315 C.E.)** +**Eusebius (315 AD)** For as Paul had addressed the Hebrews in the language of his country; some say that the evangelist Luke, others that Clement, translated the epistle. (Eusebius; Eccl. Hist. 3:38:2-3) @@ -120,7 +120,144 @@ Jerome around 400 AD says: which is in the library at Caesarea), ... (Jerome, Against Pelagius 3.2) [original-gospel-of-matthew-knol.html](.../Hebrew-Matthew/original-gospel-of-matthew-knol.html) +### Peshitta.org Forum +The Texas RAT 10-24-2012, 06:29 AM +http://www.peshitta.org/for/showthread.php?tid=2927&page=3 +TESTIMONY OF THE CHURCH FATHERS + +Many of the "Church Fathers", both East and West, from the 2nd century +to the 8th Century testified to the Semitic origin of the Book of +Mattith-YaHu, as the following quotes demonstrate: + +**Papias (150-170 AD)** +Mattith-YaHu composed the words in the Hebrew dialect, +and each translated as he was able.#1 + +**Ireneus (170 AD)** +Mattith-YaHu also issued a written Gospel +among the Hebrews in their own dialect.#2 +(Ireneus; Against Heresies 3:1) + +**Origen (c. 210 AD)** +The first [Gospel] is written according to Mattith-YaHu, +the same who was once a tax collector, but afterwards an emissary of Yehoshuah +the Messiah; +who having published it for the Yehudish believers, wrote it in Hebrew. +(quoted by Eusebius; Eccl. History 6:25) + +Mattith-YaHu also, having first proclaimed the Gospel in Hebrew, +when on the point of going also to the other nations, +committed it to writing in his native tongue, +and thus supplied the want of his presence to them by his writings. +(Eusebius; Eccl. History 3:24) + +**Pantaenus...** +penetrated as far as India, where it is reported that he found the +Gospel according to Mattith-YaHu, which had been delivered before his +arrival to some who had the knowledge of Messiah, to whom Bartholomew, +one of the emissaries, as it is Said, had proclaimed, and left them +the writing of Mattith-YaHu in Hebrew letters. +( Eusebius; Eccl. History 5:10) + +**Epiphanius (370 AD)** +They [the Nazarenes], have the Gospel according to Mattith-YaHu, quite +complete in Hebrew: for this Gospel is certainly still preserved among +them as it was first written ? in Hebrew letters. +( Epiphanius; Panarion 29:9:4) + +**Jerome (382 AD)** +"Mattith-YaHu, who is also Laywee, +and from a tax collector came to be an emissary; +first of all evangelists, composed a Gospel of Messiah in Yehudea, +in the Hebrew language and letters, +for the benefit of those of the circumcision who had believed, +who translated it into Greek, is not sufficiently ascertained. +Furthermore, the Hebrew itself is preserved to this day in the library at +Caesarea, +which the martyr Pamphilus, so diligently collected. +I also, was allowed by the Nazarenes who use this volume in the Syrian city of +Borea, to copy it. +In which is to be remarked that, +wherever the evangelist makes use of the testimonies of the Old Scripture, +he does not ? follow the authority of the seventy translators [the Greek +Septuagint], but that of the Hebrew." +( Jerome; Of Illustrious Men 3) + +"Pantaenus found that Bartholomew, one of the twelve emissaries, +had there [India] preached the advent of our Lord Yehoshuah the Messiah +according to the Gospel of Mattith-YaHu, which was written in Hebrew letters, +and which, on returning to Alexandria, he brought with him."#8 +(Church History by Eusebius. Book V Chapter 10. Pantaenus the Philosopher.) + +**Isho'dad (850 AD)** +His [Mattith-YaHu's] book, was in existence in Caesarea of Palestine, +and everyone acknowledges that he wrote it with his hands, in Hebrew... +(Jerome; De Vir. 3:36) +(Isho'dad Commentary on the Gospels) + +#1 quoted by Eusebius Eccl. History 3:39 + +Other "church fathers" have testified to the Semitic origin of at least one of +Shaul's/Powlos's[Paul's] epistles. These "church fathers" claim, that Powlos's +Epistle to the Hebrews was translated into Greek from a Hebrew original, as the +following quotes demonstrate: + +**Clement of Alexandria (150 - 212 AD)** +In the work called Hypotyposes, to sum up the matter briefly, he +[Clement of Alexandria], has given us abridged accounts of all the +canonical Scriptures. The Epistle to the Hebrews, he asserts, was +written by Powlos, to the Hebrews, in the Hebrew tongue, but that it +was carefully translated by Loukanus, and published among the Greeks.#10 + +**Eusebius (315 AD)** +For as Powlos had addressed the Hebrews in the language of his Country, +some say that the evangelist Loukanus; others that Clement, translated the +epistle.#11 + +**Jerome (382)** +"He (Powlos), being a Hebrew, wrote in Hebrew: +that is, his own tongue, and most fluently, +while things which were eloquently written in Hebrew, +were more eloquently turned into Greek. +(Lives of Illustrious Men, Book V) + +#10 Clement of Alexandria; Hypotyposes; referred to by Eusebius in Eccl. History +6:14:2 +#11 Eusebius; Eccl. History 3:38:2-3 + +It should be noted that these church fathers, did not always agree +that the other books of the New Testament were written in +Hebrew. Epiphanius for example, believed "that only Mattith-YaHu?, put +the setting forth of the preaching of the Gospel into the New +Testament, in the Hebrew language and letters."#13 + +Epiphanius does however, tell us, that the Yehudish believers would disagree +with him, and point out the existence of Hebrew copies of Yo-Khawnawn and Acts +in a "Gaza" or "treasury" [Genizah?] in Tiberius, Yisra-Ail.#14 Epiphanius +believed these versions to be mere "translations,"#15 but admitted that the +Yehudish believers disagreed with him.#16 The truth in this matter is clear: +If Greek had replaced Hebrew as the language of Yehudeem as early as the 1st +Century, then why would fourth century Yehudeem have any need for Hebrew +translations. The very existence of Hebrew manuscripts of these books in 4th +Century, testifies to their originality, not to mention the fact that +the Yehudish believers regarded them as authentic. Also not only does the Church +of the East testify that they received the Gospels directly from the Apostles in +a Semitic, not Greek, language but the Targums [Commentaries] of the Hebrew +Scriptures are all written in Aramaic! So if the Hebrew people had been so +familiar with Greek why would they need Commentaries of the Scriptures in +Aramaic? Would they not known Aramaic? And if Aramaic had also fallen to the +wayside why are there still people to this day still using it handed down +to them from antiquities? + +#13 Epiphanius, Pan. 30:3 +#14 Epipnanius, Pan. 30:3, 6 +#15 Epiphanius, Pan. 30:3, 6, 12 +#16 Epiphanius, Pan. 30:3 + + +* Eusebius; Eccl. History + https://archive.org/download/eusebiusecclesia0000euse/eusebiusecclesia0000euse.pdf ### Links diff --git a/JWO/JWO_11_01_WasJamesWritingHisEpistleForATrialofPaul__0049.md b/JWO/JWO_11_01_WasJamesWritingHisEpistleForATrialofPaul__0049.md index 20134e1..173f331 100644 --- a/JWO/JWO_11_01_WasJamesWritingHisEpistleForATrialofPaul__0049.md +++ b/JWO/JWO_11_01_WasJamesWritingHisEpistleForATrialofPaul__0049.md @@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ What Eusebius says, we see occurring in Acts ch. 15. Church in conjunction with the apostles. Memoirs of Hegesippus Book V (quoted by Eusebius). +3. Roman Catholicism insists Mary remained a perpetual virgin. Yet, in (Matt. 13:55-56) when the people of Nazareth are amazed at Jesus, they ask: "Is not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas [i.e., Jude]?" Catholic authorities claim brother here should be understood as cousin. However, there is a word in Greek for cousin, cmepsios. When ancient writers spoke of James, they called him the brother of Jesus. In the same context, they identified Jesus' cousins, using the word cmepsios. (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 4.22.4; see 2.23.4 and 3.20.1 (quoting Hegesippus).) Also, Matthew 1:24-25 states Mary and Joseph had sex after Jesus was bom. Once he knew of the pregnancy, Joseph "had no marital relations with her until she had bom a son." This is the same as saying he had sexual relations with Mary only after she had a son. Furthermore, if Mary never had sexual relations with Joseph, she would have defrauded him. (1Cor. 7:5). Marriage in Judaism meant having sex with God's purposes in mind: to sustain a family line. (Ben Witherington, Woman in the Ministry' of Jesus head of the Church at Jerusalem.' + Jerome, the famous translator of the entire Bible into the Latin Vulgate (405 A.D.), devotes chapter two of his On Famous Men to a biography of James the Just. This is another name for the James who is @@ -116,8 +118,6 @@ unscriptural and dangerous .) However, what is important is that Jerome cites Hegesippus for the fact that James was appointed the "bishop 4 of Jerusalem" by the "apostles." Jerome writes: -3. Roman Catholicism insists Mary remained a perpetual virgin. Yet, in (Matt. 13:55-56) when the people of Nazareth are amazed at Jesus, they ask: "Is not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas [i.e., Jude]?" Catholic authorities claim brother here should be understood as cousin. However, there is a word in Greek for cousin, cmepsios. When ancient writers spoke of James, they called him the brother of Jesus. In the same context, they identified Jesus' cousins, using the word cmepsios. (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 4.22.4; see 2.23.4 and 3.20.1 (quoting Hegesippus).) Also, Matthew 1:24-25 states Mary and Joseph had sex after Jesus was bom. Once he knew of the pregnancy, Joseph "had no marital relations with her until she had bom a son." This is the same as saying he had sexual relations with Mary only after she had a son. Furthermore, if Mary never had sexual relations with Joseph, she would have defrauded him. (1Cor. 7:5). Marriage in Judaism meant having sex with God's purposes in mind: to sustain a family line. (Ben Witherington, Woman in the Ministry' of Jesus head of the Church at Jerusalem.' - Likewise, Epiphanius, a bishop in the late 300s, writes of James in his Panarion 29.3.4. He says that "James having been ordained at once the first bishop, he who is called the brother of the Lord.... diff --git a/KingJamesIRulesOfTranslation.md b/KingJamesIRulesOfTranslation.md index 93d7b40..c3f9f99 100644 --- a/KingJamesIRulesOfTranslation.md +++ b/KingJamesIRulesOfTranslation.md @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ the bishop of London in 1604. These translation principles are as follows: Rules 1 and 14 make the King James Bible a revision, largely in the family of Tyndale Bibles, with the additions from the Geneva bible. -Almost all of the Tyndale family are explicitly refered to; in +Almost all of the Tyndale family are explicitly listed; in chronological order (still to be checked for the exact order) they are: 1. Tyndale’s 1524 1534, @@ -126,11 +126,11 @@ chronological order (still to be checked for the exact order) they are: 5. The Bishops Bible 1568 1572 1602, Tyndale's bible had a couple of versions but was incomplete in the OT, -and was completed after his execution by Coverdale -(with Archbishop Cramer's support), to give Coverdale's bible. But Coverdale -read neither Greek nor Hebrew and may have worked from German and Latin translations, -notably Luther's andx the Vulgate. Tyndale worked from Erasmus' 2nd. edition, -before the latter's 3rd edition corruption(s). +and was completed after his execution by Coverdale (with Archbishop +Cramer's support), to give the Cramer-Coverdale's bible. But Coverdale +read neither Greek nor Hebrew and may have worked from German and Latin +translations, notably Luther's and the Vulgate. Tyndale worked from +Erasmus' 2nd. edition, before the latter's 3rd edition corruption(s). [Matthew’s bible](https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-Matthew-Bible-NMB/) was the completion of Tyndale's work by John Rogers (with Coverdale's help), @@ -139,20 +139,21 @@ to be burned at the stake, and brought back Tyndale's latest corrrections and translations into the Matthew's. Rogers also added footnotes that were Sola Scriptura/Protestant in nature, and ruffled some catholics when the bible came out - this may be another reason -why James prohibited commentary footnotes. Archbishop Cramer somehow -managed to get Henry VIII's licence to publish the bible, but it was -called Matthew's as the possession of a Tyndale bible was still -punishable by death (and torture) at the time. John Rogers was a -preacher in London, and was the first person Bloody Mary burned at the stake. +why James prohibited commentary footnotes in the KJV. Archbishop Cramer +somehow managed to get Henry VIII's licence to publish the bible, but it +was called Matthew's as the possession of a Tyndale bible was still +punishable by death (and torture) at the time. John Rogers was a preacher +in London, and was the first person Bloody Mary burned at the stake. -The Great Bible was just a large format version of the Tyndale-Coverdale-Cramer -version, and by Henry's command, to be placed in all Church of England churches. -Cramer and Crowell had [previously ordered all churches in England](https://newmatthewbible.org/firstauthorizedbible.pdf) -to buy a copy of the Coverdale or Matthews version. Coverdale was +I think the Great Bible was just a large format version of the +Tyndale-Coverdale-Cramer version, and by Henry's command, to be +placed in all Church of England churches. Cramer and Crowell had +[previously ordered all churches in England](https://newmatthewbible.org/firstauthorizedbible.pdf) +to buy a copy of the Coverdale or Matthews version. Coverdale was also involved in the production of the Great Bible. The Bishop's bible was a revision of the Great Bible, in an attempt to -remedy the OT translation from the Vulgate rooted in the +remedy the OT translation from the Vulgate in the Tyndale-Coverdale-Cramer version, and began to replace Tyndale's translation of certain words, like charity. It was appointed to be read in the Churches. @@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ read in the Churches. The Geneva bible was done from Erasmus' 3rd edition, and contains a large number of footnotes. It was the bible of the Calvanists and the Puritans and was used by the Scottish Presbyterians. King James I was brought up -as a Scottish Presbyterian, but the Geneva bible footnotes were +as a Scottish Presbyterian, but the Geneva bible footnotes were incendiarily anti-ecclesiastical and anti-Royalist; hence another reason why James prohibited commentary footnotes. @@ -176,5 +177,8 @@ back at the sadist defending his translation of eklesia as "Congregation" not "the Word Church". The book explains in detail his reasons for the critical choices of translation he made of the "et. cetera" words: ---- +The best part of the KJV is: +* [[KjvTranslatorsToTheReader]] +--- +[[Home]] [[TitleIndex]] diff --git a/KjvTranslatorsToTheReader.md b/KjvTranslatorsToTheReader.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95530d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/KjvTranslatorsToTheReader.md @@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@ +Parent: [[KingJamesIRulesOfTranslation]] + + +## The Translators to the Reader + +### TOC + +* The Best Things Have Been Calumniated +* The Highest Personages have been Calumniated +* His Majesty's Constancy, Notwithstanding Calumniation, + for the Survey of the English Translations +* The Praise of the Holy Scriptures +* Translation Necessary +* The Translation of the Old Testament out of the Hebrew + into Greek +* Translation out of Hebrew and Greek into Latin +* The Translating of the Scripture into the Vulgar Tongues +* The Unwillingness of Our Chief Adversaries, that the + Scriptures Should Be Divulged in the Mother Tongue, etc. +* The Speeches and Reasons, both of Our Brethren, and of + Our Adversaries against this Work +* A Satisfaction to Our Brethren +* An Answer to the Imputations of Our Adversaries +* The Purpose of the Translators, with their Number, + Furniture, Care, etc. +* Reasons Moving Us To Set Diversity of Senses in the + Margin, where there is Great Probability for Each +* Reasons Inducing Us Not To Stand Curiously upon anIdentity of Phrasing + +### The Best Things Have Been Calumniated + +Zeal to promote the common good, whether it be by devising anything +ourselves, or revising that which hath been laboured by others, +deserveth certainly much respect and esteem, but yet findeth but cold +entertainment in the world. It is welcomed with suspicion instead of +love, and with emulation instead of thanks: and if there be any hole +left for cavil to enter, (and cavil, if it do not find a hole, will +make one) it is sure to be misconstrued, and in danger to be +condemned. This will easily be granted by as many as know story, or +have any experience. For, was there ever any thing projected, that +savoured any way of newness or renewing, but the same endured many a +storm of gainsaying, or opposition? A man would think that Civility, +wholesome Laws, learning and eloquence, Synods, and +Church-maintenance, (that we speak of no more things of this kind) +should be as safe as a Sanctuary, and out of shot, as they say, that +no man would lift up the heel, no, nor dog move his tongue against the +motioners of them. For by the first, we are distinguished from brute +beasts lead with sensuality; By the second, we are bridled and +restrained from outrageous behaviour, and from doing of injuries, +whether by fraud or by violence; By the third, we are enabled to +inform and reform others, by the light and feeling that we have +attained unto ourselves; Briefly, by the fourth being brought together +to a parley face to face, we sooner compose our differences than by +writings which are endless; And lastly, that the Church be +sufficiently provided for, is so agreeable to good reason and +conscience, that those mothers are holden to be less cruel, that kill +their children as soon as they are born, than those nursing fathers +and mothers (wheresoever they be) that withdraw from them who hang +upon their breasts (and upon whose breasts again themselves do hang to +receive the Spiritual and sincere milk of the word) livelihood and +support fit for their estates. Thus it is apparent, that these things +which we speak of, are of most necessary use, and therefore, that +none, either without absurdity can speak against them, or without note +of wickedness can spurn against them. + +Yet for all that, the learned know that certain worthy men have been +brought to untimely death for none other fault, but for seeking to +reduce their countrymen to good order and discipline; and that in some +Commonwealths it was made a capital crime, once to motion the making +of a new Law for the abrogating of an old, though the same were most +pernicious; And that certain, which would be counted pillars of the +State, and patterns of Virtue and Prudence, could not be brought for a +long time to give way to good Letters and refined speech, but bare +themselves as averse from them, as from rocks or boxes of poison; And +fourthly, that he was no babe, but a great clerk, that gave forth (and +in writing to remain to posterity) in passion peradventure, but yet he +gave forth, that he had not seen any profit to come by any Synod, or +meeting of the Clergy, but rather the contrary; And lastly, against +Church-maintenance and allowance, in such sort, as the Ambassadors and +messengers of the great King of Kings should be furnished, it is not +unknown what a fiction or fable (so it is esteemed, and for no better +by the reporter himself, though superstitious) was devised; Namely, +that at such a time as the professors and teachers of Christianity in +the Church of Rome, then a true Church, were liberally endowed, a +voice forsooth was heard from heaven, saying: Now is poison poured +down into the Church, etc. Thus not only as oft as we speak, as one +saith, but also as oft as we do anything of note or consequence, we +subject ourselves to everyone's censure, and happy is he that is least +tossed upon tongues; for utterly to escape the snatch of them it is +impossible. If any man conceit, that this is the lot and portion of +the meaner sort only, and that Princes are privileged by their high +estate, he is deceived. As the sword devoureth as well one as the +other, as it is in Samuel [2Sam 11:25], nay as the great Commander +charged his soldiers in a certain battle, to strike at no part of the +enemy, but at the face; And as the King of Syria commanded his chief +Captains to fight neither with small nor great, save only against the +King of Israel: [1Kings 22:31] so it is too true, that Envy striketh +most spitefully at the fairest, and at the chiefest. David was a +worthy Prince, and no man to be compared to him for his first deeds, +and yet for as worthy as act as ever he did (even for bringing back +the Ark of God in solemnity) he was scorned and scoffed at by his own +wife [2Sam 6:16]. Solomon was greater than David, though not in +virtue, yet in power: and by his power and wisdom he built a Temple to +the Lord, such a one as was the glory of the land of Israel, and the +wonder of the whole world. But was that his magnificence liked of by +all? We doubt of it. Otherwise, why do they lay it in his son's dish, +and call unto him for easing of the burden, Make, say they, the +grievous servitude of thy father, and his sore yoke, lighter. +[1Kings 12:4] Belike he had charged them with some levies, and troubled them +with some carriages; Hereupon they raise up a tragedy, and wish in +their heart the Temple had never been built. So hard a thing it is to +please all, even when we please God best, and do seek to approve +ourselves to everyone's conscience. + +### The Highest Personages have been Calumniated + +If we will descend to later times, we shall find many the like +examples of such kind, or rather unkind acceptance. The first Roman +Emperor did never do a more pleasing deed to the learned, nor more +profitable to posterity, for conserving the record of times in true +supputation; than when he corrected the Calendar, and ordered the year +according to the course of the Sun; and yet this was imputed to him +for novelty, and arrogance, and procured to him great obloquy. So the +first Christened Emperor (at the leastwise that openly professed the +faith himself, and allowed others to do the like) for strengthening +the Empire at his great charges, and providing for the Church, as he +did, got for his labour the name Pupillus, as who would say, a +wasteful Prince, that had need of a Guardian or overseer. So the best +Christened Emperor, for the love that he bare unto peace, thereby to +enrich both himself and his subjects, and because he did not seek war +but find it, was judged to be no man at arms, (though indeed he +excelled in feats of chivalry, and showed so much when he was +provoked) and condemned for giving himself to his ease, and to his +pleasure. To be short, the most learned Emperor of former times, (at +the least, the greatest politician) what thanks had he for cutting off +the superfluities of the laws, and digesting them into some order and +method? This, that he hath been blotted by some to be an Epitomist, +that is, one that extinguished worthy whole volumes, to bring his +abridgments into request. This is the measure that hath been rendered +to excellent Princes in former times, even, Cum bene facerent, male +audire, For their good deeds to be evil spoken of. Neither is there +any likelihood, that envy and malignity died, and were buried with the +ancient. No, no, the reproof of Moses taketh hold of most ages; You +are risen up in your fathers' stead, an increase of sinful men. +[Num. 32:14] What is that that hath been done? that which shall be done; and +there is no new thing under the Sun, saith the wise man: [Ecc. 1:9] and +S. Stephen, As your fathers did, so do you. [Acts 7:51] + +### His Majesty's Constancy, Notwithstanding Calumniation, for the Survey of the English Translations + +This, and more to this purpose, His Majesty that now reigneth (and +long, and long may he reign, and his offspring forever, Himself and +children, and children's children always) knew full well, according to +the singular wisdom given unto him by God, and the rare learning and +experience that he hath attained unto; namely that whosoever +attempteth anything for the public (especially if it pertain to +Religion, and to the opening and clearing of the word of God) the same +setteth himself upon a stage to be gloated upon by every evil eye, +yea, he casteth himself headlong upon pikes, to be gored by every +sharp tongue. For he that medleth with men's Religion in any part, +medleth with their custom, nay, with their freehold; and though they +find no content in that which they have, yet they cannot abide to hear +of altering. Notwithstanding his Royal heart was not daunted or +discouraged for this or that colour, but stood resolute, as a statue +immovable, and an anvil not easy to be beaten into plates, as one +saith; he knew who had chosen him to be a Soldier, or rather a +Captain, and being assured that the course which he intended made much +for the glory of God, and the building up of his Church, he would not +suffer it to be broken off for whatsoever speeches or practices. It +doth certainly belong unto Kings, yea, it doth specially belong unto +them, to have care of Religion, yea, it doth specially belong unto +them, to have care of Religion, yea, to know it aright, yea, to +profess it zealously, yea to promote it to the uttermost of their +power. This is their glory before all nations which mean well, and +this will bring unto them a far most excellent weight of glory in the +day of the Lord Jesus. For the Scripture saith not in vain, Them that +honor me, I will honor, [1Sam 2:30] neither was it a vain word that +Eusebius delivered long ago, that piety towards God was the weapon, +and the only weapon, that both preserved Constantine's person, and +avenged him of his enemies. + +### The Praise of the Holy Scriptures + +But now what piety without truth? what truth (what saving truth) +without the word of God? What word of God (whereof we may be sure) +without the Scripture? The Scriptures we are commanded to search. John +5:39. Isa 8:20. They are commended that searched and studied +them. Acts 17:11 and 8:28,29. They are reproved that were unskilful in +them, or slow to believe them. Matt 22:29. Luke 24:25. They can make +us wise unto salvation. 2 Tim 3:15. If we be ignorant, they will +instruct us; if out of the way, they will bring us home; if out of +order, they will reform us; if in heaviness, comfort us; if dull, +quicken us; if cold, inflame us. Tolle, lege; Tolle, lege, Take up and +read, take up and read the Scriptures, (for unto them was the +direction) it was said unto S. Augustine by a supernatural +voice. Whatsoever is in the Scriptures, believe me, saith the same +S. Augustine, is high and divine; there is verily truth, and a +doctrine most fit for the refreshing and renewing of men's minds, and +truly so tempered, that everyone may draw from thence that which is +sufficient for him, if he come to draw with a devout and pious mind, +as true Religion requireth. Thus S. Augustine. And S. Jerome: Ama +scripturas, et amabit te sapientia, etc. Love the Scriptures, and +wisdom will love thee. And S. Cyril against Julian; Even boys that are +bred up in the Scriptures, become most religious, etc. But what +mention we three or four uses of the Scripture, whereas whatsoever is +to be believed or practiced, or hoped for, is contained in them? or +three or four sentences of the Fathers, since whosoever is worthy the +name of a Father, from Christ's time downward, hath likewise written +not only of the riches, but also of the perfection of the Scripture? I +adore the fulness of the Scripture, saith Tertullian against +Hermogenes. And again, to Apelles an heretic of the like stamp, he +saith; I do not admit that which thou bringest in (or concludest) of +thine own (head or store, de tuo) without Scripture. So Saint Justin +Martyr before him; We must know by all means, saith he, that it is not +lawful (or possible) to learn (anything) of God or of right piety, +save only out of the Prophets, who teach us by divine inspiration. So +Saint Basil after Tertullian, It is a manifest falling way from the +Faith, and a fault of presumption, either to reject any of those +things that are written, or to bring in (upon the head of them, +epeisagein) any of those things that are not written. We omit to cite +to the same effect, S. Cyril B. of Jerusalem in his fourth Cataches., +Saint Jerome against Helvidius, Saint Augustine in his third book +against the letters of Petilian, and in very many other places of his +works. Also we forebear to descend to later Fathers, because we will +not weary the reader. The Scriptures then being acknowledged to be so +full and so perfect, how can we excuse ourselves of negligence, if we +do not study them, of curiosity, if we be not content with them? Men +talk much of eiresiwnh, how many sweet and goodly things it had +hanging on it; of the Philosopher's stone, that it turneth copper into +gold; of Cornucopia, that it had all things necessary for food in it, +of Panaces the herb, that it was good for all diseases; of Catholicon +the drug, that it is instead of all purges; of Vulcan's armor, that it +was an armor of proof against all thrusts, and all blows, etc. Well, +that which they falsely or vainly attributed to these things for +bodily good, we may justly and with full measure ascribe unto the +Scripture, for spiritual. It is not only an armor, but also a whole +armory of weapons, both offensive and defensive; whereby we may save +ourselves and put the enemy to flight. It is not an herb, but a tree, +or rather a whole paradise of trees of life, which bring forth fruit +every month, and the fruit thereof is for meat, and the leaves for +medicine. It is not a pot of Manna, or a cruse of oil, which were for +memory only, or for a meal's meat or two, but as it were a shower of +heavenly bread sufficient for a whole host, be it never so great; and +as it were a whole cellar full of oil vessels; whereby all our +necessities may be provided for, and our debts discharged. In a word, +it is a Panary of wholesome food, against fenowed traditions; a +Physician's shop (Saint Basil calleth it) of preservatives against +poisoned heresies; a Pandect of profitable laws, against rebellious +spirits; a treasury of most costly jewels, against beggarly rudiments; +finally a fountain of most pure water springing up unto everlasting +life. And what marvel? The original thereof being from heaven, not +from earth; the author being God, not man; the inditer, the holy +spirit, not the wit of the Apostles or Prophets; the Penmen such as +were sanctified from the womb, and endued with a principal portion of +God's spirit; the matter, verity, piety, purity, uprightness; the +form, God's word, God's testimony, God's oracles, the word of truth, +the word of salvation, etc.; the effects, light of understanding, +stableness of persuasion, repentance from dead works, newness of life, +holiness, peace, joy in the holy Ghost; lastly, the end and reward of +the study thereof, fellowship with the Saints, participation of the +heavenly nature, fruition of an inheritance immortal, undefiled, and +that never shall fade away: Happy is the man that delighteth in the +Scripture, and thrice happy that meditateth in it day and night. + +### Translation Necessary + +But how shall men meditate in that, which they cannot understand? How +shall they understand that which is kept close in an unknown tongue? +as it is written, Except I know the power of the voice, I shall be to +him that speaketh, a Barbarian, and he that speaketh, shall be a +Barbarian to me. [1Cor. 14] The Apostle excepteth no tongue; not +Hebrew the ancientest, not Greek the most copious, not Latin the +finest. Nature taught a natural man to confess, that all of us in +those tongues which we do not understand, are plainly deaf; we may +turn the deaf ear unto them. The Scythian counted the Athenian, whom +he did not understand, barbarous; so the Roman did the Syrian, and the +Jew (even S. Jerome himself calleth the Hebrew tongue barbarous, +belike because it was strange to so many) so the Emperor of +Constantinople calleth the Latin tongue, barbarous, though Pope +Nicolas do storm at it: so the Jews long before Christ called all +other nations, Lognazim, which is little better than +barbarous. Therefore as one complaineth, that always in the Senate of +Rome, there was one or other that called for an interpreter: so lest +the Church be driven to the like exigent, it is necessary to have +translations in a readiness. Translation it is that openeth the +window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat +the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we may look into the +most Holy place; that removeth the cover of the well, that we may come +by the water, even as Jacob rolled away the stone from the mouth of +the well, by which means the flocks of Laban were watered [Gen. 29:10]. +Indeed without translation into the vulgar tongue, the unlearned are +but like children at Jacob's well (which was deep) [John 4:11] without +a bucket or something to draw with; or as that person mentioned by +Isaiah, to whom when a sealed book was delivered, with this motion, +Read this, I pray thee, he was fain to make this answer, I cannot, for +it is sealed. [Isa. 29:11] + +### The Translation of the Old Testament out of the Hebrew into Greek + +While God would be known only in Jacob, and have his Name great in +Israel, and in none other place, while the dew lay on Gideon's fleece +only, and all the earth besides was dry; then for one and the same +people, which spake all of them the language of Canaan, that is, +Hebrew, one and the same original in Hebrew was sufficient. But, when +the fulness of time drew near, that the Sun of righteousness, the Son +of God should come into the world, whom God ordained to be a +reconciliation through faith in his blood, not of the Jew only, but +also of the Greek, yea, of all them that were scattered abroad; then +lo, it pleased the Lord to stir up the spirit of a Greek Prince (Greek +for descent and language) even of Ptolemy Philadelph King of Egypt, to +procure the translating of the Book of God out of Hebrew into Greek. +This is the translation of the Seventy Interpreters, commonly so +called, which prepared the way for our Saviour among the Gentiles by +written preaching, as Saint John Baptist did among the Jews by vocal. +For the Grecians being desirous of learning, were not wont to suffer +books of worth to lie moulding in Kings' libraries, but had many of +their servants, ready scribes, to copy them out, and so they were +dispersed and made common. Again, the Greek tongue was well known and +made familiar to most inhabitants in Asia, by reason of the conquest +that there the Grecians had made, as also by the Colonies, which +thither they had sent. For the same causes also it was well understood +in many places of Europe, yea, and of Africa too. Therefore the word +of God being set forth in Greek, becometh hereby like a candle set +upon a candlestick, which giveth light to all that are in the house, +or like a proclamation sounded forth in the market place, which most +men presently take knowledge of; and therefore that language was +fittest to contain the Scriptures, both for the first Preachers of the +Gospel to appeal unto for witness, and for the learners also of those +times to make search and trial by. It is certain, that that +Translation was not so sound and so perfect, but that it needed in +many places correction; and who had been so sufficient for this work +as the Apostles or Apostolic men? Yet it seemed good to the holy Ghost +and to them, to take that which they found, (the same being for the +greatest part true and sufficient) rather than by making a new, in +that new world and green age of the Church, to expose themselves to +many exceptions and cavillations, as though they made a Translation to +serve their own turn, and therefore bearing witness to themselves, +their witness not to be regarded. This may be supposed to be some +cause, why the Translation of the Seventy was allowed to pass for +current. Notwithstanding, though it was commended generally, yet it +did not fully content the learned, no not of the Jews. For not long +after Christ, Aquila fell in hand with a new Translation, and after +him Theodotion, and after him Symmachus; yea, there was a fifth and a +sixth edition, the Authors whereof were not known. These with the +Seventy made up the Hexapla and were worthily and to great purpose +compiled together by Origen. Howbeit the Edition of the Seventy went +away with the credit, and therefore not only was placed in the midst +by Origen (for the worth and excellency thereof above the rest, as +Epiphanius gathered) but also was used by the Greek fathers for the +ground and foundation of their Commentaries. Yea, Epiphanius above +named doth attribute so much unto it, that he holdeth the Authors +thereof not only for Interpreters, but also for Prophets in some +respect; and Justinian the Emperor enjoining the Jews his subjects to +use especially the Translation of the Seventy, rendereth this reason +thereof, because they were as it were enlightened with prophetical +grace. Yet for all that, as the Egyptians are said of the Prophet to +be men and not God, and their horses flesh and not spirit [Isa 31:3]; +so it is evident, (and Saint Jerome affirmeth as much) that the +Seventy were Interpreters, they were not Prophets; they did many +things well, as learned men; but yet as men they stumbled and fell, +one while through oversight, another while through ignorance, yea, +sometimes they may be noted to add to the Original, and sometimes to +take from it; which made the Apostles to leave them many times, when +they left the Hebrew, and to deliver the sense thereof according to +the truth of the word, as the spirit gave them utterance. This may +suffice touching the Greek Translations of the Old Testament. + +### Translation out of Hebrew and Greek into Latin + +There were also within a few hundred years after Christ, translations +many into the Latin tongue: for this tongue also was very fit to convey +the Law and the Gospel by, because in those times very many Countries +of the West, yea of the South, East and North, spake or understood +Latin, being made Provinces to the Romans. But now the Latin +Translations were too many to be all good, for they were infinite +(Latini Interpretes nullo modo numerari possunt, saith S. Augustine). +Again they were not out of the Hebrew fountain (we speak of the Latin +Translations of the Old Testament) but out of the Greek stream, +therefore the Greek being not altogether clear, the Latin derived from +it must needs be muddy. This moved S. Jerome a most learned father, and +the best linguist without controversy, of his age, or of any that went +before him, to undertake the translating of the Old Testament, out of +the very fountains themselves, which he performed with that evidence of +great learning, judgment, industry, and faithfulness, that he hath +forever bound the Church unto him, in a debt of special remembrance and +thankfulness. + +### The Translating of the Scripture into the Vulgar Tongues + +Now though the Church were thus furnished with Greek and Latin +Translations, even before the faith of Christ was generally embraced in +the Empire; (for the learned know that even in S. Jerome's time, the +Consul of Rome and his wife were both Ethnics, and about the same time +the greatest part of the Senate also) yet for all that the +godly-learned were not content to have the Scriptures in the Language +which themselves understood, Greek and Latin, (as the good Lepers were +not content to fare well themselves, but acquainted their neighbors +with the store that God had sent, that they also might provide for +themselves) [2Kings 7:9] but also for the behoof and edifying of the +unlearned which hungered and thirsted after righteousness, and had +souls to be saved as well as they, they provided Translations into the +vulgar for their Countrymen, insomuch that most nations under heaven +did shortly after their conversion, hear Christ speaking unto them in +their mother tongue, not by the voice of their Minister only, but also +by the written word translated. If any doubt hereof, he may be +satisfied by examples enough, if enough will serve the turn. First S. +Jerome saith, Multarum gentium linguis Scriptura ante translata, docet +falsa esse quae addita sunt, etc. i.e. The Scripture being translated +before in the languages of many Nations, doth show that those things +that were added (by Lucian or Hesychius) are false. So S. Jerome in +that place. The same Jerome elsewhere affirmeth that he, the time was, +had set forth the translation of the Seventy, suae linguae hominibus, +i.e., for his countrymen of Dalmatia. Which words not only Erasmus doth +understand to purport, that S. Jerome translated the Scripture into the +Dalmatian tongue, but also Sixtus Senensis and Alphonsus a Castro (that +we speak of no more) men not to be excepted against by them of Rome, do +ingenuously confess as much. So, S. Chrysostom that lived in S. +Jerome's time, giveth evidence with him: The doctrine of S. John (saith +he) did not in such sort (as the Philosophers' did) vanish away: but +the Syrians, Egyptians, Indians, Persians, Ethiopians, and infinite +other nations being barbarous people translated it into their (mother) +tongue, and have learned to be (true) Philosophers, he meaneth +Christians. To this may be added Theodoret, as next unto him, both for +antiquity, and for learning. His words be these, Every Country that is +under the Sun, is full of these words (of the Apostles and Prophets) +and the Hebrew tongue (he meaneth the Scriptures in the Hebrew tongue) +is turned not only into the Language of the Grecians, but also of the +Romans, and Egyptians, and Persians, and Indians, and Armenians, and +Scythians, and Sauromatians, and briefly into all the Languages that +any Nation useth. So he. In like manner, Ulfilas is reported by Paulus +Diaconus and Isidor (and before them by Sozomen) to have translated the +Scriptures into the Gothic tongue: John Bishop of Sevil by Vasseus, to +have turned them into Arabic, about the year of our Lord 717; Bede by +Cistertiensis, to have turned a great part of them into Saxon: Efnard +by Trithemius, to have abridged the French Psalter, as Bede had done +the Hebrew, about the year 800: King Alfred by the said Cistertiensis, +to have turned the Psalter into Saxon: Methodius by Aventinus (printed +at Ingolstadt) to have turned the Scriptures into Slavonian: Valdo, +Bishop of Frising by Beatus Rhenanus, to have caused about that time, +the Gospels to be translated into Dutch rhythm, yet extant in the +Library of Corbinian: Valdus, by divers to have turned them himself, or +to have gotten them turned, into French, about the year 1160: Charles +the Fifth of that name, surnamed the Wise, to have caused them to be +turned into French, about 200 years after Valdus his time, of which +translation there be many copies yet extant, as witnesseth Beroaldus. +Much about that time, even in our King Richard the second's days, John +Trevisa translated them into English, and many English Bibles in +written hand are yet to be seen with divers, translated as it is very +probable, in that age. So the Syrian translation of the New Testament +is in most learned men's Libraries, of Widminstadius his setting forth, +and the Psalter in Arabic is with many, of Augustinus Nebiensis' +setting forth. So Postel affirmeth, that in his travel he saw the +Gospels in the Ethiopian tongue; And Ambrose Thesius allegeth the +Pslater of the Indians, which he testifieth to have been set forth by +Potken in Syrian characters. So that, to have the Scriptures in the +mother tongue is not a quaint conceit lately taken up, either by the +Lord Cromwell in England, or by the Lord Radevile in Polony, or by the +Lord Ungnadius in the Emperor's dominion, but hath been thought upon, +and put in practice of old, even from the first times of the conversion +of any Nation; no doubt, because it was esteemed most profitable, to +cause faith to grow in men's hearts the sooner, and to make them to be +able to say with the words of the Psalm, As we have heard, so we have +seen. [Ps 48:8] + +### The Unwillingness of Our Chief Adversaries, that the Scriptures Should Be +Divulged in the Mother Tongue, etc. + +Now the Church of Rome would seem at the length to bear a motherly +affection towards her children, and to allow them the Scriptures in +their mother tongue: but indeed it is a gift, not deserving to be +called a gift, an unprofitable gift: they must first get a licence in +writing before they may use them, and to get that, they must approve +themselves to their Confessor, that is, to be such as are, if not +frozen in the dregs, yet soured with the leaven of their superstition. +Howbeit, it seemed too much to Clement the Eighth that there should be +any Licence granted to have them in the vulgar tongue, and therefore he +overruleth and frustrateth the grant of Pius the Fourth. So much are +they afraid of the light of the Scripture, (Lucifugae Scripturarum, as +Tertulian speaketh) that they will not trust the people with it, no not +as it is set forth by their own sworn men, no not with the Licence of +their own Bishops and Inquisitors. Yea, so unwilling they are to +communicate the Scriptures to the people's understanding in any sort, +that they are not ashamed to confess, that we forced them to translate +it into English against their wills. This seemeth to argue a bad cause, +or a bad conscience, or both. Sure we are, that it is not he that hath +good gold, that is afraid to bring it to the touchstone, but he that +hath the counterfeit; neither is it the true man that shunneth the +light, but the malefactor, lest his deeds should be reproved [John +3:20]: neither is it the plain-dealing Merchant that is unwilling to +have the weights, or the meteyard brought in place, but he that useth +deceit. But we will let them alone for this fault, and return to +translation. + +### The Speeches and Reasons, both of Our Brethren, and of Our Adversaries +against this Work + +Many men's mouths have been open a good while (and yet are not stopped) +with speeches about the Translation so long in hand, or rather perusals +of Translations made before: and ask what may be the reason, what the +necessity of the employment: Hath the Church been deceived, say they, +all this while? Hath her sweet bread been mingled with leaven, her +silver with dross, her wine with water, her milk with lime? (Lacte +gypsum male miscetur, saith S. Ireney.) We hoped that we had been in +the right way, that we had had the Oracles of God delivered unto us, +and that though all the world had cause to be offended and to complain, +yet that we had none. Hath the nurse holden out the breast, and nothing +but wind in it? Hath the bread been delivered by the fathers of the +Church, and the same proved to be lapidosus, as Seneca speaketh? What +is it to handle the word of God deceitfully, if this be not? Thus +certain brethren. Also the adversaries of Judah and Jerusalem, like +Sanballat in Nehemiah, mock, as we hear, both at the work and workmen, +saying; What do these weak Jews, etc. will they make the stones whole +again out of the heaps of dust which are burnt? although they build, +yet if a fox go up, he shall even break down their stony wall. [Neh +4:3] Was their Translation good before? Why do they now mend it? Was it +not good? Why then was it obtruded to the people? Yea, why did the +Catholics (meaning Popish Romanists) always go in jeopardy, for +refusing to go to hear it? Nay, if it must be translated into English, +Catholics are fittest to do it. They have learning, and they know when +a thing is well, they can manum de tabula. We will answer them both +briefly: and the former, being brethren, thus, with S. Jerome, Damnamus +veteres? Mineme, sed post priorum studia in domo Domini quod possums +laboramus. That is, Do we condemn the ancient? In no case: but after +the endeavors of them that were before us, we take the best pains we +can in the house of God. As if he said, Being provoked by the example +of the learned that lived before my time, I have thought it my duty, to +assay whether my talent in the knowledge of the tongues, may be +profitable in any measure to God's Church, lest I should seem to have +laboured in them in vain, and lest I should be thought to glory in men, +(although ancient,) above that which was in them. Thus S. Jerome may be +thought to speak. + +### A Satisfaction to Our Brethren + +And to the same effect say we, that we are so far off from condemning +any of their labors that travailed before us in this kind, either in +this land or beyond sea, either in King Henry's time, or King Edward's +(if there were any translation, or correction of a translation in his +time) or Queen Elizabeth's of ever renowned memory, that we acknowledge +them to have been raised up of God, for the building and furnishing of +his Church, and that they deserve to be had of us and of posterity in +everlasting remembrance. The judgment of Aristotle is worthy and well +known: If Timotheus had not been, we had not had much sweet music; but +if Phrynis (Timotheus his master) had not been, we had not had +Timotheus. Therefore blessed be they, and most honoured be their name, +that break the ice, and giveth onset upon that which helpeth forward to +the saving of souls. Now what can be more available thereto, than to +deliver God's book unto God's people in a tongue which they understand? +Since of a hidden treasure, and of a fountain that is sealed, there is +no profit, as Ptolemy Philadelph wrote to the Rabbins or masters of the +Jews, as witnesseth Epiphanius: and as S. Augustine saith; A man had +rather be with his dog than with a stranger (whose tongue is strange +unto him). Yet for all that, as nothing is begun and perfected at the +same time, and the later thoughts are thought to be the wiser: so, if +we building upon their foundation that went before us, and being holpen +by their labours, do endeavor to make that better which they left so +good; no man, we are sure, hath cause to mislike us; they, we persuade +ourselves, if they were alive, would thank us. The vintage of Abiezer, +that strake the stroke: yet the gleaning of grapes of Ephraim was not +to be despised. See Judges 8:2. Joash the king of Israel did not +satisfy himself, till he had smitten the ground three times; and yet he +offended the Prophet, for giving over then. [2Kings 13:18-19] Aquila, +of whom we spake before, translated the Bible as carefully, and as +skilfully as he could; and yet he thought good to go over it again, and +then it got the credit with the Jews, to be called kata akribeian, that +is, accurately done, as Saint Jerome witnesseth. How many books of +profane learning have been gone over again and again, by the same +translators, by others? Of one and the same book of Aristotle's Ethics, +there are extant not so few as six or seven several translations. Now +if this cost may be bestowed upon the gourd, which affordeth us a +little shade, and which today flourisheth, but tomorrow is cut down; +what may we bestow, nay what ought we not to bestow upon the Vine, the +fruit whereof maketh glad the conscience of man, and the stem whereof +abideth forever? And this is the word of God, which we translate. What +is the chaff to the wheat, saith the Lord? [Jer 23:28] Tanti vitreum, +quanti verum margaritum (saith Tertullian,) if a toy of glass be of +that reckoning with us, how ought we to value the true pearl? Therefore +let no man's eye be evil, because his Majesty's is good; neither let +any be grieved, that we have a Prince that seeketh the increase of the +spiritual wealth of Israel (let Sanballats and Tobiahs do so, which +therefore do bear their just reproof) but let us rather bless God from +the ground of our heart, for working this religious care in him, to +have the translations of the Bible maturely considered of and examined. +For by this means it cometh to pass, that whatsoever is sound already +(and all is sound for substance, in one or other of our editions, and +the worst of ours far better than their authentic vulgar) the same will +shine as gold more brightly, being rubbed and polished; also, if +anything be halting, or superfluous, or not so agreeable to the +original, the same may be corrected, and the truth set in place. And +what can the King command to be done, that will bring him more true +honour than this? and wherein could they that have been set a work, +approve their duty to the King, yea their obedience to God, and love to +his Saints more, than by yielding their service, and all that is within +them, for the furnishing of the work? But besides all this, they were +the principal motives of it, and therefore ought least to quarrel it: +for the very Historical truth is, that upon the importunate petitions +of the Puritans, at his Majesty's coming to this Crown, the Conference +at Hampton Court having been appointed for hearing their complaints: +when by force of reason they were put from all other grounds, they had +recourse at the last, to this shift, that they could not with good +conscience subscribe to the Communion book, since it maintained the +Bible as it was there translated, which was as they said, a most +corrupted translation. And although this was judged to be but a very +poor and empty shift; yet even hereupon did his Majesty begin to +bethink himself of the good that might ensue by a new translation, and +presently after gave order for this Translation which is now presented +unto thee. Thus much to satisfy our scrupulous Brethren. + +### An Answer to the Imputations of Our Adversaries + +Now to the latter we answer; that we do not deny, nay we affirm and +avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set +forth by men of our profession, (for we have seen none of theirs of the +whole Bible as yet) containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of +God. As the King's speech, which he uttereth in Parliament, being +translated into French, Dutch, Italian, and Latin, is still the King's +speech, though it be not interpreted by every Translator with the like +grace, nor peradventure so fitly for phrase, nor so expressly for +sense, everywhere. For it is confessed, that things are to take their +denomination of the greater part; and a natural man could say, Verum +ubi multa nitent in carmine, non ego paucis offendor maculis, etc. A +man may be counted a virtuous man, though he have made many slips in +his life, (else, there were none virtuous, for in many things we offend +all) [James 3:2] also a comely man and lovely, though he have some +warts upon his hand, yea, not only freckles upon his face, but also +scars. No cause therefore why the word translated should be denied to +be the word, or forbidden to be current, notwithstanding that some +imperfections and blemishes may be noted in the setting forth of it. +For what ever was perfect under the Sun, where Apostles or Apostolic +men, that is, men endued with an extraordinary measure of God's spirit, +and privileged with the privilege of infallibility, had not their hand? +The Romanists therefore in refusing to hear, and daring to burn the +Word translated, did no less than despite the spirit of grace, from +whom originally it proceeded, and whose sense and meaning, as well as +man's weakness would enable, it did express. Judge by an example or +two. Plutarch writeth, that after that Rome had been burnt by the +Gauls, they fell soon to build it again: but doing it in haste, they +did not cast the streets, nor proportion the houses in such comely +fashion, as had been most sightly and convenient; was Catiline +therefore an honest man, or a good patriot, that sought to bring it to +a combustion? or Nero a good Prince, that did indeed set it on fire? +So, by the story of Ezra, and the prophecy of Haggai it may be +gathered, that the Temple built by Zerubbabel after the return from +Babylon, was by no means to be compared to the former built by Solomon +(for they that remembered the former, wept when they considered the +latter) [Ezra 3:12] notwithstanding, might this latter either have been +abhorred and forsaken by the Jews, or profaned by the Greeks? The like +we are to think of Translations. The translation of the Seventy +dissenteth from the Original in many places, neither doth it come near +it, for perspicuity, gravity, majesty; yet which of the Apostles did +condemn it? Condemn it? Nay, they used it, (as it is apparent, and as +Saint Jerome and most learned men do confess) which they would not have +done, nor by their example of using it, so grace and commend it to the +Church, if it had been unworthy the appellation and name of the word of +God. And whereas they urge for their second defence of their vilifying +and abusing of the English Bibles, or some pieces thereof, which they +meet with, for that heretics (forsooth) were the Authors of the +translations, (heretics they call us by the same right that they call +themselves Catholics, both being wrong) we marvel what divinity taught +them so. We are sure Tertullian was of another mind: Ex personis +probamus fidem, an ex fide personas? Do we try men's faith by their +persons? we should try their persons by their faith. Also S. Augustine +was of another mind: for he lighting upon certain rules made by +Tychonius a Donatist, for the better understanding of the word, was not +ashamed to make use of them, yea, to insert them into his own book, +with giving commendation to them so far forth as they were worthy to be +commended, as is to be seen in S. Augustine's third book De doctrina +Christiana. To be short, Origen, and the whole Church of God for +certain hundred years, were of another mind: for they were so far from +treading under foot, (much more from burning) the Translation of Aquila +a Proselyte, that is, one that had turned Jew; of Symmachus, and +Theodotion, both Ebionites, that is, most vile heretics, that they +joined them together with the Hebrew Original, and the Translation of +the Seventy (as hath been before signified out of Epiphanius) and set +them forth openly to be considered of and perused by all. But we weary +the unlearned, who need not know so much, and trouble the learned, who +know it already. + +Yet before we end, we must answer a third cavil and objection of theirs +against us, for altering and amending our Translations so oft; wherein +truly they deal hardly, and strangely with us. For to whom ever was it +imputed for a fault (by such as were wise) to go over that which he had +done, and to amend it where he saw cause? Saint Augustine was not +afraid to exhort S. Jerome to a Palinodia or recantation; the same S. +Augustine was not ashamed to retractate, we might say revoke, many +things that had passed him, and doth even glory that he seeth his +infirmities. If we will be sons of the Truth, we must consider what it +speaketh, and trample upon our own credit, yea, and upon other men's +too, if either be any way an hindrance to it. This to the cause: then +to the persons we say, that of all men they ought to be most silent in +this case. For what varieties have they, and what alterations have they +made, not only of their Service books, Portesses and Breviaries, but +also of their Latin Translation? The Service book supposed to be made +by S. Ambrose (Officium Ambrosianum) was a great while in special use +and request; but Pope Hadrian calling a Council with the aid of Charles +the Emperor, abolished it, yea, burnt it, and commanded the Service +book of Saint Gregory universally to be used. Well, Officium +Gregorianum gets by this means to be in credit, but doth it continue +without change or altering? No, the very Roman Service was of two +fashions, the New fashion, and the Old, (the one used in one Church, +the other in another) as is to be seen in Pamelius a Romanist, his +Preface, before Micrologus. the same Pamelius reporteth out Radulphus +de Rivo, that about the year of our Lord, 1277, Pope Nicolas the Third +removed out of the Churches of Rome, the more ancient books (of +Service) and brought into use the Missals of the Friers Minorites, and +commanded them to be observed there; insomuch that about an hundred +years after, when the above name Radulphus happened to be at Rome, he +found all the books to be new, (of the new stamp). Neither were there +this chopping and changing in the more ancient times only, but also of +late: Pius Quintus himself confesseth, that every Bishopric almost had +a peculiar kind of service, most unlike to that which others had: which +moved him to abolish all other Breviaries, though never so ancient, and +privileged and published by Bishops in their Dioceses, and to establish +and ratify that only which was of his own setting forth, in the year +1568. Now when the father of their Church, who gladly would heal the +sore of the daughter of his people softly and slightly, and make the +best of it, findeth so great fault with them for their odds and +jarring; we hope the children have no great cause to vaunt of their +uniformity. But the difference that appeareth between our Translations, +and our often correcting of them, is the thing that we are specially +charged with; let us see therefore whether they themselves be without +fault this way, (if it be to be counted a fault, to correct) and +whether they be fit men to throw stones at us: O tandem maior parcas +insane minori: they that are less sound themselves, ought not to object +infirmities to others. If we should tell them that Valla, Stapulensis, +Erasmus, and Vives found fault with their vulgar Translation, and +consequently wished the same to be mended, or a new one to be made, +they would answer peradventure, that we produced their enemies for +witnesses against them; albeit, they were in no other sort enemies, +than as S. Paul was to the Galatians, for telling them the truth [Gal +4:16]: and it were to be wished, that they had dared to tell it them +plainlier and oftener. But what will they say to this, that Pope Leo +the Tenth allowed Erasmus' Translation of the New Testament, so much +different from the vulgar, by his Apostolic Letter and Bull; that the +same Leo exhorted Pagnine to translate the whole Bible, and bare +whatsoever charges was necessary for the work? Surely, as the Apostle +reasoneth to the Hebrews, that if the former Law and Testament had been +sufficient, there had been no need of the latter: [Heb 7:11 and 8:7] so +we may say, that if the old vulgar had been at all points allowable, to +small purpose had labour and charges been undergone, about framing of a +new. If they say, it was one Pope's private opinion, and that he +consulted only himself; then we are able to go further with them, and +to aver, that more of their chief men of all sorts, even their own +Trent champions Paiva and Vega, and their own Inquisitors, Hieronymus +ab Oleastro, and their own Bishop Isidorus Clarius, and their own +Cardinal Thomas a Vio Caietan, do either make new Translations +themselves, or follow new ones of other men's making, or note the +vulgar Interpreter for halting; none of them fear to dissent from him, +nor yet to except against him. And call they this an uniform tenor of +text and judgment about the text, so many of their Worthies disclaiming +the now received conceit? Nay, we will yet come nearer the quick: doth +not their Paris edition differ from the Lovaine, and Hentenius his from +them both, and yet all of them allowed by authority? Nay, doth not +Sixtus Quintus confess, that certain Catholics (he meaneth certain of +his own side) were in such an humor of translating the Scriptures into +Latin, that Satan taking occasion by them, though they thought of no +such matter, did strive what he could, out of so uncertain and manifold +a variety of Translations, so to mingle all things, that nothing might +seem to be left certain and firm in them, etc.? Nay, further, did not +the same Sixtus ordain by an inviolable decree, and that with the +counsel and consent of his Cardinals, that the Latin edition of the old +and new Testament, which the Council of Trent would have to be +authentic, is the same without controversy which he then set forth, +being diligently corrected and printed in the Printing-house of +Vatican? Thus Sixtus in his Preface before his Bible. And yet Clement +the Eighth his immediate successor, publisheth another edition of the +Bible, containing in it infinite differences from that of Sixtus, (and +many of them weighty and material) and yet this must be authentic by +all means. What is to have the faith of our glorious Lord Jesus Christ +with Yea or Nay, if this be not? Again, what is sweet harmony and +consent, if this be? Therefore, as Demaratus of Corinth advised a great +King, before he talked of the dissensions among the Grecians, to +compose his domestic broils (for at that time his Queen and his son and +heir were at deadly feud with him) so all the while that our +adversaries do make so many and so various editions themselves, and do +jar so much about the worth and authority of them, they can with no +show of equity challenge us for changing and correcting. + +### The Purpose of the Translators, with their Number, Furniture, Care, etc. + +But it is high time to leave them, and to show in brief what we +proposed to ourselves, and what course we held in this our perusal and +survey of the Bible. Truly (good Christian Reader) we never thought +from the beginning, that we should need to make a new Translation, nor +yet to make of a bad one a good one, (for then the imputation of Sixtus +had been true in some sort, that our people had been fed with gall of +Dragons instead of wine, with whey instead of milk:) but to make a good +one better, or out of many good ones, one principal good one, not +justly to be excepted against; that hath been our endeavor, that our +mark. To that purpose there were many chosen, that were greater in +other men's eyes than in their own, and that sought the truth rather +than their own praise. Again, they came or were thought to come to the +work, not exercendi causa (as one saith) but exercitati, that is, +learned, not to learn: For the chief overseer and ergodiwkthV under his +Majesty, to whom not only we, but also our whole Church was much bound, +knew by his wisdom, which thing also Nazianzen taught so long ago, that +it is a preposterous order to teach first and to learn after, yea that +to en piqw keramian manqanein, to learn and practice together, is +neither commendable for the workman, nor safe for the work. Therefore +such were thought upon, as could say modestly with Saint Jerome, Et +Hebraeum Sermonem ex parte didicimus, et in Latino pene ab ipsis +incunabulis etc. detriti sumus. Both we have learned the Hebrew tongue +in part, and in the Latin we have been exercised almost from our very +cradle. S. Jerome maketh no mention of the Greek tongue, wherein yet he +did excel, because he translated not the old Testament out of Greek, +but out of Hebrew. And in what sort did these assemble? In the trust of +their own knowledge, or of their sharpness of wit, or deepness of +judgment, as it were in an arm of flesh? At no hand. They trusted in +him that hath the key of David, opening and no man shutting; they +prayed to the Lord the Father of our Lord, to the effect that S. +Augustine did; O let thy Scriptures be my pure delight, let me not be +deceived in them, neither let me deceive by them. In this confidence, +and with this devotion did they assemble together; not too many, lest +one should trouble another; and yet many, lest many things haply might +escape them. If you ask what they had before them, truly it was the +Hebrew text of the Old Testament, the Greek of the New. These are the +two golden pipes, or rather conduits, where-through the olive branches +empty themselves into the gold. Saint Augustine calleth them precedent, +or original tongues; Saint Jerome, fountains. The same Saint Jerome +affirmeth, and Gratian hath not spared to put it into his Decree, That +as the credit of the old Books (he meaneth of the Old Testament) is to +be tried by the Hebrew Volumes, so of the New by the Greek tongue, he +meaneth by the original Greek. If truth be to be tried by these +tongues, then whence should a Translation be made, but out of them? +These tongues therefore, the Scriptures we say in those tongues, we set +before us to translate, being the tongues wherein God was pleased to +speak to his Church by his Prophets and Apostles. Neither did we run +over the work with that posting haste that the Septuagint did, if that +be true which is reported of them, that they finished it in 72 days; +neither were we barred or hindered from going over it again, having +once done it, like S. Jerome, if that be true which himself reporteth, +that he could no sooner write anything, but presently it was caught +from him, and published, and he could not have leave to mend it: +neither, to be short, were we the first that fell in hand with +translating the Scripture into English, and consequently destitute of +former helps, as it is written of Origen, that he was the first in a +manner, that put his hand to write Commentaries upon the Scriptures, +and therefore no marvel, if he overshot himself many times. None of +these things: the work hath not been huddled up in 72 days, but hath +cost the workmen, as light as it seemeth, the pains of twice seven +times seventy two days and more: matters of such weight and consequence +are to be speeded with maturity: for in a business of moment a man +feareth not the blame of convenient slackness. Neither did we think +much to consult the Translators or Commentators, Chaldee, Hebrew, +Syrian, Greek or Latin, no nor the Spanish, French, Italian, or Dutch; +neither did we disdain to revise that which we had done, and to bring +back to the anvil that which we had hammered: but having and using as +great helps as were needful, and fearing no reproach for slowness, nor +coveting praise for expedition, we have at the length, through the good +hand of the Lord upon us, brought the work to that pass that you see. + +### Reasons Moving Us To Set Diversity of Senses in the Margin, where there is +Great Probability for Each + +Some peradventure would have no variety of senses to be set in the +margin, lest the authority of the Scriptures for deciding of +controversies by that show of uncertainty, should somewhat be shaken. +But we hold their judgment not to be so sound in this point. For +though, whatsoever things are necessary are manifest, as S. Chrysostom +saith, and as S. Augustine, In those things that are plainly set down +in the Scriptures, all such matters are found that concern Faith, Hope, +and Charity. Yet for all that it cannot be dissembled, that partly to +exercise and whet our wits, partly to wean the curious from loathing of +them for their every-where plainness, partly also to stir up our +devotion to crave the assistance of God's spirit by prayer, and lastly, +that we might be forward to seek aid of our brethren by conference, and +never scorn those that be not in all respects so complete as they +should be, being to seek in many things ourselves, it hath pleased God +in his divine providence, here and there to scatter words and sentences +of that difficulty and doubtfulness, not in doctrinal points that +concern salvation, (for in such it hath been vouched that the +Scriptures are plain) but in matters of less moment, that fearfulness +would better beseem us than confidence, and if we will resolve, to +resolve upon modesty with S. Augustine, (though not in this same case +altogether, yet upon the same ground) Melius est dubitare de occultis, +quam litigare de incertis, it is better to make doubt of those things +which are secret, than to strive about those things that are uncertain. +There be many words in the Scriptures, which be never found there but +once, (having neither brother nor neighbor, as the Hebrews speak) so +that we cannot be holpen by conference of places. Again, there be many +rare names of certain birds, beasts and precious stones, etc. +concerning which the Hebrews themselves are so divided among themselves +for judgment, that they may seem to have defined this or that, rather +because they would say something, than because they were sure of that +which they said, as S. Jerome somewhere saith of the Septuagint. Now in +such a case, doth not a margin do well to admonish the Reader to seek +further, and not to conclude or dogmatize upon this or that +peremptorily? For as it is a fault of incredulity, to doubt of those +things that are evident: so to determine of such things as the Spirit +of God hath left (even in the judgment of the judicious) questionable, +can be no less than presumption. Therefore as S. Augustine saith, that +variety of Translations is profitable for the finding out of the sense +of the Scriptures: so diversity of signification and sense in the +margin, where the text is no so clear, must needs do good, yea, is +necessary, as we are persuaded. We know that Sixtus Quintus expressly +forbiddeth, that any variety of readings of their vulgar edition, +should be put in the margin, (which though it be not altogether the +same thing to that we have in hand, yet it looketh that way) but we +think he hath not all of his own side his favorers, for this conceit. +They that are wise, had rather have their judgments at liberty in +differences of readings, than to be captivated to one, when it may be +the other. If they were sure that their high Priest had all laws shut +up in his breast, as Paul the Second bragged, and that he were as free +from error by special privilege, as the Dictators of Rome were made by +law inviolable, it were another matter; then his word were an Oracle, +his opinion a decision. But the eyes of the world are now open, God be +thanked, and have been a great while, they find that he is subject to +the same affections and infirmities that others be, that his skin is +penetrable, and therefore so much as he proveth, not as much as he +claimeth, they grant and embrace. + +### Reasons Inducing Us Not To Stand Curiously upon an Identity of Phrasing + +Another thing we think good to admonish thee of (gentle Reader) that we +have not tied ourselves to an uniformity of phrasing, or to an identity +of words, as some peradventure would wish that we had done, because +they observe, that some learned men somewhere, have been as exact as +they could that way. Truly, that we might not vary from the sense of +that which we had translated before, if the word signified the same +thing in both places (for there be some words that be not of the same +sense everywhere) we were especially careful, and made a conscience, +according to our duty. But, that we should express the same notion in +the same particular word; as for example, if we translate the Hebrew or +Greek word once by Purpose, never to call it Intent; if one where +Journeying, never Traveling; if one where Think, never Suppose; if one +where Pain, never Ache; if one where Joy, never Gladness, etc. Thus to +mince the matter, we thought to savour more of curiosity than wisdom, +and that rather it would breed scorn in the Atheist, than bring profit +to the godly Reader. For is the kingdom of God become words or +syllables? why should we be in bondage to them if we may be free, use +one precisely when we may use another no less fit, as commodiously? A +godly Father in the Primitive time showed himself greatly moved, that +one of newfangledness called krabbaton skimpouV, though the difference +be little or none; and another reporteth that he was much abused for +turning Cucurbita (to which reading the people had been used) into +Hedera. Now if this happen in better times, and upon so small +occasions, we might justly fear hard censure, if generally we should +make verbal and unnecessary changings. We might also be charged (by +scoffers) with some unequal dealing towards a great number of good +English words. For as it is written of a certain great Philosopher, +that he should say, that those logs were happy that were made images to +be worshipped; for their fellows, as good as they, lay for blocks +behind the fire: so if we should say, as it were, unto certain words, +Stand up higher, have a place in the Bible always, and to others of +like quality, Get ye hence, be banished forever, we might be taxed +peradventure with S. James his words, namely, To be partial in +ourselves and judges of evil thoughts. Add hereunto, that niceness in +words was always counted the next step to trifling, and so was to be +curious about names too: also that we cannot follow a better pattern +for elocution than God himself; therefore he using divers words, in his +holy writ, and indifferently for one thing in nature: we, if we will +not be superstitious, may use the same liberty in our English versions +out of Hebrew and Greek, for that copy or store that he hath given us. +Lastly, we have on the one side avoided the scrupulosity of the +Puritans, who leave the old Ecclesiastical words, and betake them to +other, as when they put Washing for Baptism, and Congregation instead +of Church: as also on the other side we have shunned the obscurity of +the Papists, in their Azimes, Tunike, Rational, Holocausts, Praepuce, +Pasche, and a number of such like, whereof their late Translation is +full, and that of purpose to darken the sense, that since they must +needs translate the Bible, yet by the language thereof, it may be kept +from being understood. But we desire that the Scripture may speak like +itself, as in the language of Canaan, that it may be understood even of +the very vulgar. + +Many other things we might give thee warning of (gentle Reader) if we +had not exceeded the measure of a Preface already. It remaineth, that +we commend thee to God, and to the Spirit of his grace, which is able +to build further than we can ask or think. He removeth the scales from +our eyes, the veil from our hearts, opening our wits that we may +understand his word, enlarging our hearts, yea correcting our +affections, that we may love it above gold and silver, yea that we may +love it to the end. Ye are brought unto fountains of living water which +ye digged not; do not cast earth into them with the Philistines, +neither prefer broken pits before them with the wicked Jews. [Gen +26:15. Jer 2:13.] Others have laboured, and you may enter into their +labours; O receive not so great things in vain, O despise not so great +salvation! Be not like swine to tread under foot so precious things, +neither yet like dogs to tear and abuse holy things. Say not to our +Saviour with the Gergesites, Depart out of our coasts [Matt 8:34]; +neither yet with Esau sell your birthright for a mess of pottage [Heb +12:16]. If light be come into the world, love not darkness more than +light; if food, if clothing be offered, go not naked, starve not +yourselves. Remember the advice of Nazianzene, It is a grievous thing +(or dangerous) to neglect a great fair, and to seek to make markets +afterwards: also the encouragement of S. Chrysostom, It is altogether +impossible, that he that is sober (and watchful) should at any time be +neglected: Lastly, the admonition and menacing of S. Augustine, They +that despise God's will inviting them, shall feel God's will taking +vengeance of them. It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the +living God; [Heb 10:31] but a blessed thing it is, and will bring us to +everlasting blessedness in the end, when God speaketh unto us, to +hearken; when he setteth his word before us, to read it; when he +stretcheth out his hand and calleth, to answer, Here am I, here we are +to do thy will, O God. The Lord work a care and conscience in us to +know him and serve him, that we may be acknowledged of him at the +appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom with the holy Ghost, be all +praise and thanksgiving. Amen. + +* https://watch-unto-prayer.org/preface-kjv.html +* https://www.blueletterbible.org/bibles/preface-to-the-king-james-version.cfm + +--- +[[Home]] [[TitleIndex]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/PeshittAEnglishTranslations.md b/PeshittAEnglishTranslations.md index 3d17a90..1ea6fea 100644 --- a/PeshittAEnglishTranslations.md +++ b/PeshittAEnglishTranslations.md @@ -23,13 +23,14 @@ which vary (subjective opinion): (Western see comment by [the lates Steven Silver](http://www.peshitta.org/for/archive/index.php?thread-3284.html)) 7. The Way International - based on UBS PeshittO (Western) 8. Georgia Press Antioch Bible, [avoid](http://www.peshitta.org/for/showthread.php?tid=3384). -9. Bauscher - [not a Peshitta/o](http://peshitta.org/for/archive/index.php?thread-2930-3.html) +9. Bauscher - based on UBS Syriac Text (Western) [not a Peshitta/o?](http://peshitta.org/for/archive/index.php?thread-2930-3.html) 10. [et alia](http://www.peshitta.org/for/showthread.php?tid=2927) -See [[PeshittAEnglishTranslations]] for a comparison of 29 passages for +See [[PeshittasEasternOrWesternStats]] for a comparison of 29 passages for Eastern PeshittA vs. Western Peshitto. The CoE PeshittA (HAS Etherridge) should also be free from Constantinunist or Roman tampering, unlike -the Western Peshittos which were intentionally Greeked. +the Western Peshittos which were intentionally Greeked. See also +[[PeshittaVsPeshitto]]. The PeshittA OT is said to be a translation into Aramaic from the Hebrew done before 3 c., so neither Masoretic nor LXX nor Constantined. @@ -37,6 +38,8 @@ Hebrew done before 3 c., so neither Masoretic nor LXX nor Constantined. The discussions on this take/took place at: * http://www.peshitta.org/for/forumdisplay.php?fid=3 with * http://peshitta.org/for/member.php?action=profile&uid=2 +* http://www.peshitta.org/for/showthread.php?tid=2474&page=2 +* http://www.peshitta.org/for/showthread.php?tid=2927 Other discussions on the Peshitta take/took place at: * http://watch-unto-prayer.org/peshitta.html diff --git a/PeshittaVsPeshitto.md b/PeshittaVsPeshitto.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ca8487 --- /dev/null +++ b/PeshittaVsPeshitto.md @@ -0,0 +1,381 @@ + +Parent: [[]] + +## the PeshittA confluence with the PeshittO and Old Scratch manuscripts + +The differences between the Eastern PeshittA and Western PeshittO manuscripts +that have been translated into English are highlighted, with an eye on +what we call Old Scratch, the Sinaiatic Palimpsest found by Agnes Smith, +right around the same time as the Codex Simondes/Sinaticus. +The aim is to see: +* is Old Scratch is as old as it claims to be, +* do the differences between it and the PeshittA somehow play into the + Vaticanus+Sinaticus +* does it look like an 19 c. production like the Codex Simondes/Sinaticus +* can we exclude Old Scratch from further consideration + +The Eastern PeshittA does not include the 5 books: +Revelation, Jude, 2Peter, 2John, 3John. These books were marked by +Eusebius as "disputed writings", except for Revelation of John +which he says the "opinions of most men are divided". +https://bible-researcher.com/eusebius.html + +It could be the Church of the East canon was closed before they were +in general use and hence they were not known rather than refused, or +were considered disputed as they were later in Eusebius' time. + +Here is a list of other differences between the two manuscript families +compiled by Thirdwoe (Chuck Hudson). +https://theoscholar.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-eastern-peshitta-vs-western-peshitto.html + +**1: Matthew 4:21** +Khabouris Peshitta: has "and Eshu' called them" The Ashael Grant, The +Mingana, The 1886 Mosul, and the Paul Younan Interlinear text, all have “and +Eshu called them”. The Curetonian has "and Eshu called them'", but the +Sinaitic has "and he called them". English translations that have the +Khabouris or Eastern Peshitta reading: Paul Younan, Andrew Roth, James +Murdock, John Etheridge, George Lamsa, Joseph Pashka, Lonnie Martin, Victor +Alexander. + +UBS Peshitto: has "and He called them", as does ADD MSS 14470 (5th-6th +century) and the Sinaitic (Old Scratch) version. English translations that +go with the Western Peshitto version: David Bauscher, Janet Magiera, The Way +International, Herb Jahn, Francis A. Werner. + +**2: Matthew 6:32** +Khabouris Peshitta: The Khabouris, in it's secondary script (East Adiabene), +which is a later scribal replacement page, has “the Nations of the World.” +as does Younan's Interlinear, Etheridge, Murdock, Roth, Magiera, Alexander, +Pashka, and Lamsa. The Curetonian text reads as The Khabouris Peshitta text +does here. The Diatessaron of 165 A.D. text in its extant 10th century +Arabic translation from an 8th century Aramaic Ms. has the Khabouris +Peshitta reading. Neither the Latin or any of the Greek versions have "of +the World". + +UBS Peshitto: has “the Nations", as does Bauscher, Jahn, and A. Frances +Werner. Lon Martin has "the heathen" and The Way International's ANT & MS. +ADD 14453 (5th-6th century) doesn't have "d'Alma" (of the World) in that +Aramaic MS. The Mingana Ms. reads the same as the UBS text and the 1199 A.D. +"Asahel Grant" Ms. does too, both being clearly Eastern Peshitta Ms, also +the 1886 Mosul Edition Peshitta text does not have "of the world"....which +begs the question...is the reading "of the World" actually an Eastern +Peshitta reading? + +**3: Matthew 21:4** +Khabouris Peshitta: has “all this happened” as does Younan, Etheridge, +Murdock, Alexander, Pashka, and Lamsa. Martin has "This all took place". The +Diatessaron of 165 A.D. also has the Peshitta reading. The Byzantine Greek +(Greek Orthodox Church, Majority Greek Text, and the Textus Receptus) and +The Latin Vulgate text has the Eastern Peshitta reading. The Mingana Ms. +reads the same as the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: has “this happened” as does *Younan's interlinear (see note), +Bauscher, Magiera, *Roth, Jahn, and Werner. +The Curetonian text reads the same as the Western Peshitto does here. The +Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14453 (5th-6th century) does not have +"K'uleh" (all) in it's text. The Alexandrian Greek text has the Western +Peshitto reading. + +* Note: Paul Younan has said that this is a mistake in his interlinear + readings, and should have the Eastern reading of The Peshitta. +* Roth follows Paul Younan's mistaken Interlinear reading, as it was his + base text. + +**4: Mark 14:31** +Khabouris Peshitta: has “all the Disciples said” as does Younan, Etheridge, +Murdock, Roth, Alexander, Pashka, Lamsa, and Martin. The Way International's +ANT & MS. ADD 14453 (5th-6th century) has "T'almiyd'e" (the Disciples). The +Diatessaron of 165 A.D. also has the Peshitta reading. Neither the Latin +Vulgate or any Greek version has "the Disciples", nor do they have "my Lord" +in this verse, as does both the Eastern and Western forms of the Aramaic NT. +The Diatessaron though, has the Peshitta text's reading "my Lord". The +Mingana Ms. reads the same as the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: has "they all said" as does Bauscher, Magiera, Jahn, and +Werner, lacking "the Disciples". The Syriac Sinaitic Palimpsest +(Old Scratch) and The Curetonian versions have "and so all of them also said". + +**5: Luke 22:17** +Khabouris Peshitta: Younan, Magiera, Roth, and Martin, don’t have this +verse. Neither does the Syriac Sinaitic Palimpsest (Old Scratch) or the +Curetonian. The Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14453 (5th-6th century) +does not have it. The Diatessaron of 165 A.D. also lacks the reading. The +Mingana Codex doesn't have it. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, Etheridge, [Murdock], Alexander, Pashka, Lamsa, +Jahn, and Werner, has it. All Greek versions and the Latin Vulgate has this verse. +* Herb Jahn has a note for this verse which says, "not in the Aramaic", yet +he has it translated. + +**6: Luke 22:18** +Khabouris Peshitta: Younan, Magiera, Roth, and Martin, don’t have this +verse. Neither does the Syriac Sinaitic Palimpsest (Old Scratch) or the +Curetonian. The Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14453 (5th-6th century) +does not have it. The Diatessaron of 165 A.D. also lacks the reading. The +Mingana Ms. doesn't have it. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, Etheridge, [Murdock], Alexander, Pashka, Lamsa, +Jahn, and Werner, has it. All Greek versions and the Latin Vulgate has this verse. +* Herb Jahn has a note for this verse which says, "not in the Aramaic", yet +he has it translated. + +**7: John 7:53** +Khabouris Peshitta: Younan, Etheridge, and Roth, don't have it. Neither does +the Syriac Sinaitic Palimpsest (Old Scratch) or the Curetonian. The +Diatessaron of 165 A.D. also lacks the reading. The Mingana does not have +it. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, Magiera, Murdock, Lamsa, Alexander, Pashka, Jahn, +Werner, and Martin (citing Bauscher's notes), have it. The Way +International's "The Aramaic New Testament" which uses MS ADD 14453 (5th-6th +century) for the Gospel of John, shows this verse in [brackets]. The old +Latin and the Latin Vulgate has it, as do the standard Greek texts, which +the translations use, though many Greek Ms copies lack it. + +**8: John 8:1-11 (The story of the Woman caught in adultery)** +Khabouris Peshitta: Younan, Etheridge and Roth, does not have it. Neither +does the Syriac Sinaitic Palimpsest (Old Scratch) or the Curetonian +versions. The Diatessaron of 165 A.D. also lacks the reading. Many Greek Ms +copies lack it, and some have the passage in other places, such as John +chapter 21 . The Mingana Ms. does not have it. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, Magiera, Murdock, Lamsa, Alexander, Pashka, *Jahn, +Werner, and Martin, (citing Bauscher's notes), have it. The Way +International's ANT which uses MS ADD 14453 (5th-6th century) for the Gospel +of John, shows these verses in [brackets]. + +* Herb Jahn has a note for this verse which says, "not in the Aramaic", yet +he has it translated.) The old Latin and the Latin Vulgate has this passage, +some Greek Ms copies have it. + +**9: John 16:27** +Khabouris Peshitta: has "from the presence of The Father" as does Younan, +Etheridge, Murdock, Roth, Lamsa, Alexander and Martin. The Diatessaron of +165 A.D. has "from my Father". Alexandrian Greek versions have "from The +Father". The Mingana Ms. reads the same as the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: has "from the presence of God" as does Magiera, Bauscher, +Pashka, Jahn, and Werner, who has "from next-to God". The Curetonian version +has "from God" as does The Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14453 (5th-6th +century). Byzantine Greek versions and the Latin Vulgate text, have "from God". + +**10: Acts 3:6** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads, "...of our Lord Eshu' M'Shikha..." Etheridge, +Murdock, Lamsa, Pashka (and shows the variant in brackets), Martin, and +Alexander, have the Eastern Peshitta reading. The 1199 Ashael Grant Mss has +the Khabouris reading, as does the Mingana Codex, and the 1886 Mosul +Peshitta. + +UBS Peshitto: reads, "...of Eshu' M'Shikha..." Roth, Bauscher, Werner, The +Way, Magiera, and Jahn, and MSS 14473 (Jacobite), have the Western reading. +Paul Younan's Interlinear text shows the Western reading for some reason. + +**11: Acts 8:37** +Khabouris Peshitta: Younan, Etheridge, Magiera, Roth, and Martin, don’t have +it. The Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14473 (5th-6th century) does not +have it. The Mingana does not have it. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, [Murdock], Alexander, Pashka, Lamsa, *Jahn, and +Werner, have it. +* Herb Jahn has a note for this verse which says, "not in the Aramaic", yet +he has it translated. + +**12: Acts 15:34** +Khabouris Peshitta: Younan, Etheridge, Magiera, Roth, and Martin, don’t have +it. The Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14473 (5th-6th century) does not +have it. The Mingana Ms. does not have it. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, *[Murdock], Alexander, Pashka, Lamsa, *Jahn, and +Werner, have it. +* Murdoch has this note: “this verse is removed to the margin in the + editions of the British and Foreign Bible Society.” +* Herb Jahn has a note for this verse which says, "not in the Aramaic", + yet he has it translated. + +**13: Acts 18:23** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "...in the regions of Phrygia and of Galatia." as +does Etheridge, Murdock, Roth, Pashka, Alexander, and Lamsa. Also, the 1199 +(Ashael Grant MS.), the Mingana MS., the 1846 Urmia printed Peshitta text, +and the 1886 printed Peshitta text has the same reading as the Khabouris +does here. + +UBS Peshitto: reads "...in the regions of Galatia and of Phrygia." as does +Bauscher, Magiera, The Way International, Werner, Martin, and Jahn. Also, +MS. 14473 has this reading, which seems to be the source for the UBS text, +as I have seen it match up many times against the Eastern text's readings. +It is a Western "Jacobite" text, not the Eastern Peshitta text. + +**14: Acts 20:28** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "...the Church of M'shikha... as does Etheridge, +Roth, *Alexander, Lamsa, and Martin, have the Eastern reading. The Mingana +reads as the Khabouris does. + +UBS Peshitto: reads "...the Church of Alaha..." as does Bauscher, Magiera, +Pashka, Murdock, Jahn, and Werner, have the Western reading. The Way +International's ANT & MS. ADD 14473 (5th-6th century) has the Western +reading. +* Victor Alexander has this reading “…to shepherd the church of Jesus Christ, + that which he established by his blood.” + +**15: Acts 21:13** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "...Eshu' M'shikha." at the end of the verse. +Etheridge, Murdock, *Roth, **Pashka, Alexander Martin, and Lamsa have it as +the Khabouris does. Also The 1199 Ashael Grant MS, The Mingana MS, The 1886 +printed Peshitta text, and The 1846 Urmia printed Peshitta text has it as +The Khabouris MS does. + +* Roth has the same Eastern Peshitta reading here as Murdock, since he + revised Murdock's translation, but, his Aramaic text to the right in his + editions have the UBS reading, since he revised the UBS Peshitto text, while + leaving a number of Western readings in...like this one. His note says as + much. +* Pashka has the Eastern Peshitta reading in his translation, but, his + Aramaic text, which I believe is the UBS edited to some degree, has the + Western Peshitto reading. + +UBS Peshitto: reads "...Eshu'." at the end of the verse. Bauscher, Magiera, +The Way International, Werner, and Jahn, have it as the UBS does. Also MSS +14473 (Jacobite) has the UBS reading. The Greek texts match the UBS Peshitto +text. + +**16: Acts 26:28** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "...King Agrippa said..." as does Etheridge, +Murdock, Lamsa, Martin, Alexander, *Roth, **Pashka. The 1199 Grant MS, The +Mingana MS, the 1846 Urmia Peshitta, and the 1886 Peshitta, all agree with +the Khabouris. + +* Roth has the same reading as Murdock here, though his interlinear (UBS + with edits) has the Western Peshitto reading still there. +* Pashka has the Eastern Peshitta reading in his translation, while his + Aramaic text has the UBS reading. + +UBS Peshitto: reads ..."Agrippa said..." as does Bauscher, Magiera, The Way +International, Werner, and Jahn. The UBS follows MS 14473, which is a +Jacobite (Syrian Orthodox Church) MS. The Way International's Aramaic text +is taken from the same MS 14473. + +**17: Acts 28:29** +Khabouris Peshitta: Etheridge, Magiera, Roth, and Martin, don’t have it. The +Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14473 (5th-6th century) doesn't have it. +The Mingana Ms. does not have it. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, *Murdock, Alexander, Pashka, Lamsa, *Jahn, and +Werner, have it. +* Murdoch notes, “this verse 29 is not in the MS., nor in any of the earlier + editions: and the later editions place it in the margin.” +* Herb Jahn has a note for this verse which says, "not in the Aramaic", yet + he has it translated. + +**18: 1 Corinthians 16:24** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "...in M’shikha Eshu’ Amiyn." the same as the +Byzantine Greek text form, as does Etheridge, Murdock, Roth, Lamsa, Norton, +Alexander, Martin. Also The Mingana Codex has the same reading as the +Khabouris, and the other Eastern Peshitta Manuscript I can see, from 1199, +given to the English Protestant Missionary Asahel Grant, by Mar Abraham, The +Patriarch/Catholicos of The Church of the East, has the same reading as the +Khabouris. + +UBS Peshitto: reads "...in M’shikha Eshu’." the same as the Alexandrian +Greek text form, as does Bauscher, Magiera, Werner, Jahn, Also, MS ADD. +14475 (5th-6th century), as well as The Way International's translation of +it's text has this reading. + +**19: 2nd Corinthians 13:1** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "...three times that I'm ready to come unto you." +as does Roth, Murdock, Etheridge, Lamsa, Norton, *Alexander, and **Martin +* Victor Alexander's version reads "...three seasons that I have desired to +come to you." The Mingana reads the same as the Khabouris text. +** Lonnie Martin's version reads "...the third time that I have prepared to +come to you. As does Roth's and Murdock's version. + +UBS Peshitto: reads "...three times that I come unto you." as does Bauscher, +Jahn, Werner, Magiera, and The Way International + +**20: Galatians 6:17** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "Our Lord Eshu' M'shikha" as does Roth, Etheridge, +Murdock, Norton, Alexander, Martin, and Lamsa. The Mingana reads the same as +the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: reads "Our Lord Eshu' " as does Magiera, Bauscher, Jahn, and +Werner. The Way International's translation and MS. ADD. 14475 (5th-6th +century) has the Peshitto reading. + +**21: Ephesians 1:8** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "of The Spirit" at the end of the verse, as does +Etheridge; where Roth, Murdock, Lamsa, and Martin, all have ("Spiritual") +and Norton has ("the Spirit's") and Alexander has ("of Spirit"). The Mingana +reads the same as the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: doesn't have any mention of "Spirit" or "Spiritual" in the +text, nor does Magiera, Bauscher, Jahn, and Werner. The Way International's +ANT & MS. ADD 14475 (5th-6th century) doesn't have it. + +**22: Ephesians: 1:15** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "all the Holy Ones" as does Etheridge, Murdock, +Roth, Lamsa, Norton, Alexander, Martin, and even Bauscher (though his +Interlinear Aramaic text and word for word translation has the Western +Peshitto reading). The Mingana reads the same as the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: reads "the Holy Ones" as does Magiera, Jahn, and Werner. The +Way International's TANT & MS. ADD 14475 (5th-6th century), have the Western +reading. + +**23: 2nd Thessalonians 3:18** +Khabouris Peshitta: reads "all of you, my brothers; Amen." as does Roth, +Etheridge, Alexander, Norton, and Murdock. The Way International's TANT & +MS. ADD 14475 (5th-6th century), has the Eastern reading. The Mingana has +the same reading as the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: reads “all of you; Amen." as does Lamsa, Bauscher, Magiera, +Jahn, Martin, and Werner. + +**24: Philemon 1:25** +Khabouris Peshitta: has "be with your spirit, my brothers; Amen." as does +Roth, Etheridge, Murdock, Norton, and Alexander. The Mingana reads the same +as the Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: has "be with your spirit; Amen." as does Magiera, Bauscher, +Lamsa, Jahn, Martin, and Werner. The Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14475 +(5th-6th century), which doesn't have "my Brothers". + +**25: Hebrews 2:9** +Khabouris Peshitta: Roth, Lamsa, and *Martin, have the Eastern reading. The +Mingana Ms. has the Eastern reading. "who independently from God, for all +men tasted death". + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, Magiera, Murdock, *Alexander, Norton, Etheridge, +Jahn, and Werner, have the Western reading. +While The Way International's ANT & MS. ADD 14475 (5th-6th century), has the +Western reading, it's odd that the text agrees with the Khabouris readings +in the other places in the verse where the Khabouris varies with the UBS +text. +(* Victor Alexander has this reading: “He is, then, very little like the +angels, for we have seen that He is Eashoa because of the Passion of His +death, and the glory and honor that was consecrated on His head is, +therefore, imposed by God in tasting death on behalf of every human being.”) +* Lonnie Martin has a strange reading here, which doesn't line up with what +is actually in the text itself. "9 But now we see Someone who was made +slightly inferior to the spirit messengers, ‘namely’ Yeshua Himself, crowned +with majesty and honor, because He suffered death. Due to YHVH’s mercy, He +could ‘experience’ death for everyone." + +**26: Hebrews 2:16** +Khabouris Peshitta: Etheridge, Roth, Murdock, Magiera, Alexander, Norton, +Lamsa, and Martin, all have the Eastern reading. The Mingana has the Eastern +reading. + +UBS Peshitto: Bauscher, Jahn, and Werner, have the Western reading. The Way +International's ANT & MS. ADD 14475 (5th-6th century), has the Western +reading, exactly as the UBS text reads. + +**27: James 3:10** +Khabouris Peshitta: has "curses and blessings" as does Etheridge, Roth, +Murdock, Norton, Alexander, Lamsa, and Martin, which is a unique reading +only found in the Eastern Aramaic text. The Mingana reads the same as the +Khabouris text. + +UBS Peshitto: has "blessings and curses" as does Bauscher, Magiera, Jahn, +and Werner, which aligns with the Greek and Latin reading. The Way +International's ANT & MS. ADD 14473 (5th-6th century), has the Western +reading. + diff --git a/TheDidache.md b/TheDidache.md index a40dafc..f7c7a46 100644 --- a/TheDidache.md +++ b/TheDidache.md @@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ places, seems to have been a sort of church manual for primitive [early] Christians, probably in rural areas dependent mostly on itinerant ministers. -The only known complete Didache in Greek is -the[[CodexHierosolymitanusGreek]] Hierosolymitanus, which was first -published by Bryennios in 1883. The Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyrus -No. 1782, dating from the late 4th century, contained fragments of a -codex that preserved Didache 1:3b-4a and 2:7b to 3:2a in slightly -variant and expanded form. A Coptic fragment from the 5th century -contains Didache 10:3b through 12:1b,2a, and appends a prayer for oil -at 10:8. +The only known complete Didache in Greek is the +[[CodexHierosolymitanusGreek]], which was first published by Bryennios +in 1883. The Greek Oxyrhynchus Papyrus No. 1782, dating from the late +4th century, contained fragments of a codex that preserved Didache +1:3b-4a and 2:7b to 3:2a in slightly variant and expanded form. A +Coptic fragment from the 5th century contains Didache 10:3b through +12:1b,2a, and appends a prayer for oil at 10:8. A 19th-century manuscript preserved at Constantinople contains a complete Georgian version of the Didache, the translation of which @@ -53,6 +52,9 @@ http://ministries.tliquest.net/theology/apocryphas/nt/didache.htm ### Links * https://prophecytoday.uk/study/resources/item/1457-the-didache.html +* https://www.destinyimage.com/blog/dennis-and-jenn-clark-discovered-lost-teaching-of-the-apostles-didache +* https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Didache.html?id=6jGeDAAAQBAJ +* http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-roberts.html Although the Didache has been known of since early christianity, it was only recently "found" in Constantinople in the library of the @@ -67,9 +69,10 @@ Unfortunately, although it is referred to often by early church writers, it is quoted rarely, or they haven't survived, so it's difficult to validate the Didache in Codex Hierosolymitanus. -Although this is unfortunate we will accept it as is, because of its great beauty -and its great simplicity. It leads to a Christian Community wil a very different -flavour than the Church. +Although this is unfortunate we will accept it as is for now, because +of its great beauty and its great simplicity. It leads to a Christian +Community wil a very different flavour than the Church. + ### JWO Videos